The Modern Middle East (98 page)

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———.
Towards Economic Sustainability of a Future Palestinian State: Promoting Private Sector–Led Growth.
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Unlocking the Employment Potential in the Middle East and North Africa: Toward a New Social Contract.
Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004.

———.
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2003. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2003.

———.
World Development Indicators,
2009. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009.

———.
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———.
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Index

Abbas, Mahmoud (PNA president),
338
,
341

Abbas, Shah (r. 1588–1629),
29–30

Abbasids,
19–23
,
33

Abd al-Rahman I,
19

Abdel Aziz ibn Abd el-Rahman (Ibn Saud),
62–66
,
236
,
415n77

Abdullah, Saudi King,
343

Abdullah, son of Sharif Hussein ibn Ali (Transjordan),
42
,
46
,
71
,
84
,
412n14

Abdullah II (b. 1962), King Hussein’s son,
236–39

Abdulmejid (1839–76),
25

abortion,
389

Abu Bakr (632–34),
18

accommodationists: Palestinian-Israeli conflict,
324–26
; state-
ulama,
256

Achemenids,
10

Adelson, Roger,
37

Adl wal-Ihsan (Justice and Welfare Party) Morocco,
260
,
280

Adonis (Ali Ahmad Said),
257
,
450n37

Afghanistan,
404
; “Afghan Arabs,”
199–200
; Ghalzai Afghans,
30
; King Amanullah,
414n47
; Mujahedeen guerrillas,
199–200
; postinvasion,
406
; Soviet invasion (1979),
159
,
170
,
199–200
; Taliban,
196
,
200
,
201
,
261
; U.S. Operation Enduring Freedom,
196–207
,
336
,
342
,
404
; veil prohibitions,
414n47

Aflaq, Michel,
90
,
107
,
173

Africa: Ethiopia water,
402–3
; Jews from,
303
; Mabuto’s Zaire,
217
; newly independent nations,
70
; population data,
388
,
389
; rentierism,
359
,
363
; revolutions,
139
; U.S. targets attacked in,
195
,
200
.
See also
North Africa

age: marriage,
389
; population by,
393
,
395
table.
See also
children; youth

agriculture,
6
,
11
,
348
,
353–55
; Arab Israeli,
245–46
; domesticated animals,
11
,
407n6
; Egypt,
94–95
,
353–54
,
369
,
402–3
; Iran,
58–59
,
60
; Israeli-Occupied Territories,
323
; Italians in Libya,
50
; pollution from,
400–401
; population and,
394
; Saudi,
6
,
63
,
354
; Turkey,
348
; water sources,
12
,
33
,
400
,
402

Aherdane, Mahjoub,
253

Ahmad, Imam (Yemen),
114

Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud,
165–68
,
224–26
,
225
fig

Ahmad Shah (Qajar king),
31
,
56–57

aid: Soviet,
55
,
96
,
122–23
,
128–29
; U.S.,
111
,
131
,
144
,
146
,
186
,
197–98
,
339
,
432n60
,
433n61
.
See also
foreign capital; loans

airlifts, 1973 war,
129
,
131
,
424n59

airline violence: hijackings,
124
; Iranian jetliner shot down (1988),
181
,
430n27
; September 11, 2001,
172
,
190
,
194–96
,
200–204
,
261

air pollution,
388
,
397–99

Ajami, Fouad,
1
,
122
,
196
,
219
,
255
,
265

Akkadians,
9

Al-Aqsa
intifada
(2000),
193
,
313
,
316
,
317
,
323
,
332–36
,
452n54

Al-Aqsa Mosque,
333

Alawis, Syria,
228
,
269

Al-Azhar, Egypt,
256
,
258

Albright, Madeleine,
332

Al-e Ahmad, Jalal,
151–52

Alexander the Great,
10

Alexandretta, Turkey,
51

Algeria,
1
,
190
; and Arabism,
106
,
228
; assimilation by French,
48
,
65
,
99–100
,
102–3
,
228
; associations,
284
; border conflict with Morocco,
116
; Boumedienne,
100
,
219
; Bouteflika,
220
,
222
,
270
,
271
,
282
; bureaucratic dictatorship,
219
; civil war (1990s),
191
,
220–22
,
282
,
368
,
382
; cultural legitimation,
279
; and democracy,
222
,
282
; economic development,
219
,
351
,
355
,
357
,
359
; exclusionary/
mukhaberat
/praetorian state,
214–22
,
280
; French in,
3
,
38
,
47–49
,
49
fig,
65
,
98–103
,
116
,
218
; human rights abuses by French,
49
,
102–3
; inclusionary state,
215
,
223
; independence,
100
,
103
,
104
,
218
; Iranian hostage crisis go-between,
160
; Islamists,
266
; languages,
3
; leaders,
100
,
114
,
219–21
,
282
; liberalization,
282
; military,
220–22
,
270–71
,
368
,
369
; multinational corporations,
261
; and Nasser,
96
,
106
,
116
,
218
; national charter,
281–82
; nationalism,
73
,
96
,
100–106
,
116
; oil-based rentierism,
359
,
362
; Ottomans,
23
,
47
,
50
; political opposition,
221–22
,
250–51
,
253
,
259
; “presidential monarchy,”
269
; revolution,
100
,
103–4
,
116
,
140
; socialist state,
219
; urban populations,
12
,
396
,
408n14
; women (1880s),
49
fig.
See also
Algerian political parties

Algerian political parties: Islamic Salvation Front (FIS),
221–22
,
251
,
260
,
280
,
282
; National Liberation Front/Front de Libération Nationale (FLN),
96
,
100
,
103
,
105–6
,
219
,
250–51

Al Haq,
272

Ali (656–61),
18–19

aliya:
European Jewry to Israel,
303
; European Jewry to Palestine,
74
,
76–77
,
76
table,
88
,
300
,
301

Al-Nahda, Tunisia,
217
,
222
,
251
,
259
,
282
,
437n32

Al-Jazeera,
189
fig,
198
,
267
,
292
,
382

Allon, Yigael/Allon Plan,
319–20

Al-Maliki, Nouri,
207

Al-Qaeda/bin Laden,
189
fig,
199–201
,
208
; Iraq,
203
,
206
; September 11, 2001,
172
,
190
,
194–96
,
200–204
,
261

alternance,
Morocco,
230
,
238

Al-Wefaq Party,
272

Amer, Abdel Hakim,
112
,
122

American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC),
197–98

Amini, Ali,
147

Amir, Yigal,
325

Amnesty International,
150
,
319
,
368

Amuzegar, Jamshid,
149

Anatolia: Armenians,
53
; Ottomans,
21–23
,
28
,
47
; Southeast Anatolian Development Project (GAP),
402
; Sykes-Picot Agreement,
40
.
See also
Turkey

Anderson, Benedict,
69

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC),
144

Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey,
199
,
266–67

anti-Americanism, Middle East,
186
,
196–99
,
207–8

anti-Semitism, European,
70
,
73–74
,
301
,
417n15

Aoun, Michel,
249
,
288

Arab Christians,
107
,
245–48
; Arab-Israeli,
245–48
,
440n93
; Iraq,
188
; Levant,
10
,
37
,
38
,
44
,
247–49
,
288
,
334
; Palestinian,
74

Arab Common Market attempt,
381

Arab Cooperation Council,
184

Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco),
63–64
,
416n83

Arabian peninsula,
1
,
51
; Britain and,
3
,
38–40
,
63
,
65–66
,
114
,
232
,
238
; economic globalization,
384
; Islam born in,
4
,
7
,
9
,
10
,
14–19
;
majlis
(council),
273
,
284
; Najd,
51
,
62
,
63
; Nasser and,
115
; Ottomans and,
23
,
28
,
39
,
62
,
63
; and political opposition,
250
; Sassanids,
9–10
,
11
,
17
,
18
; statism,
352
; sultanistic states,
215
; Sykes-Picot Agreement,
38
,
40
; with West vs. communists,
95
.
See also
Hijaz; oil monarchies, Arabian peninsula; Yemen