The New Penguin History of the World (224 page)

society,
802

republican,
803

resources,
803

military rule,
1089

nuclear weapons,
1090

economy,
1091

left-wing government,
1091

Brezhnev, Leonid (1906–1982), Russian statesman,
1134

Doctrine,
1137

Britain

Roman province of,
248
,
257
,
301

see also
England; United Kingdom

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
1010
–11

British Commonwealth of Nations

support UK in World War II,
958
,
966

Imperial Conference (1926),
979

Indian constitutional reforms,
981

Indian partition,
982

in southern Africa,
1074

British Empire and Commonwealth seeds,
638
,
648
–55,
662

American Revolution and,
720
–3

19th-cent. attitudes to,
805
–6

Boers and,
807
–10,
1078

‘Dominion status’ created,
807

native populations and,
810
–11,
1069

in India,
814
,
815
–20,
849
–56,
859
,
973
,
977
–83

naval bases,
814

in black Africa,
824
–7

in Egypt,
824
,
891

in S.E. Asia,
828
,
857
,
858
,
959

1914 extent,
829
–30

World War I and,
894

World War II and,
958
–9,
966

internal divisions,
1068

effect of decolonization in UK,
1068

bronze

working of,
35

in Sumer,
57
,
58

in Egypt,
79
,
90

in India,
127

in China,
135
,
147
,
447
,
456

in Japan,
467

Bronze Age
22

term,
35
,
51

fades,
90
,
100
,
106

stable pattern of,
160

Bruno, Giordano (
c.
1548–1690), Italian philosopher,
686

Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) (
c.
563-
c.
483
BC
),
130
–1

deified,
428
,
432

sculpture of,
428
,
472

Buddhism

in India,
130
–2,
425
–7,
428
,
432
–3

in China,
146
,
451
–2,
460

among Mongols,
378

Mahayana type,
432

in Japan,
467
–8,
472
,
845

see also
Zen

building

in brick,
57
,
122

in Sumer,
57

in Egypt,
71
,
73
(
see also
pyramids)

of Neolithic Crete,
94

by Solomon,
104
,
113

Harappan,
121
–2

in China,
136

early African,
481

Mayan,
483
–4

see also
architecture; cities; technology

Bulgaria

Bulgars, movements,
307
,
353

Byzantine conquest
353
–4,
359
,
361

first Slav state,
363
–4

Russia and,
367
,
368

independent,
872
,
935

World War I and,
892
,
899

communist state,
934

Burgundy, duchy acquired by Habsburgs,
509

Burke, Edmund (1729–97), British political philosopher,
694
,
737
,
815
–16,
1035

Burma

Chinese conquest (1294),
459

Portuguese trade with,
635

British in,
827
,
837
,
857
,
859

World War II and,
962
,
967
,
983

independence,
983
,
987

Bush, George W., (1946–), US president,
1150
,
1174
,
1175
–7

Buwayhid dynasty in Persia,
342
,
372
,
374

Byblos,
60
,
104

Byzantium

Byzantine, Constantinople founded,
289

centre of later Roman empire,
306
,
307
,
308
,
309
–10

socio-economic strains,
307
,
309

divergence from West,
347
,
357

religion,
346
–7,
349
,
355

character of,
350
–1,
357

struggle for survival,
352
–3

Arabs and,
353
–4

recovery,
354

decline and fall,
358
–61,
384
,
385
–6

Bulgars and,
364

threatening Russia converted,
366

clerical intransigence in,
385

Constantinople taken by Turks,
388
,
529

see also
Constantinople; Rome

Cadiz,
105

Caesar, Gaius Julius (
c.
102–44
BC
)

in Gaul,
241
,
247

Roman general and dictator,
241
–4

adopted Octavian,
245

deified,
245

Calais, English capture of,
508

Calcutta

British trade post,
638

‘Black Hole’ of,
640

capital city,
851

calendar

Egyptian,
74

in China,
140
,
461

Julian,
243

Moslem,
328
,
942

Mayan,
484

in Japan,
844

Calvin, John (1509–64), Protestant theologian,
577
–8,
582

Cambodia

French imperialism in,
857
–8

‘associate state’,
986

communist victory,
1104

Cambridge university,
536
,
675
,
851
,
1012

Canaan

Philistines in,
107

Hebrews in,
109
,
110
,
111
,
112
–13

Canada

French settlement,
650
–2

British conquest,
653
,
781

expansion of food production,
708
,
810

Quebec Act (1774),
722
–3

Dominion created,
806

member of NATO,
1043

Canute (
c.
995–1035), king of England (1016–35), Denmark and Norway,
410

Capetian dynasty of France,
402
,
507
,
50

capitalism

origins,
517
,
557

applied to industrialization,
712

Marx’s views,
760
,
867

associated with US democracy,
779

unemployment and,
866

women and,
869

Chinese hostility,
918
,
924

target of Hitler,
953

world economic division and,
953

see also
economic organization; financial services

Cappadocia,
92
,
217
,
285

Caracalla (186–217), Roman emperor (211–17),
277

Caribbean
see
West Indies

Carolingian empire

territorial acquisitions,
397
–8

intellectual life,
399

subordination of Church,
398
–9

partition,
401
,
402
–3

see also
Charlemagne

Carter, James Earl (1924–), US president,
1122
,
1125
,
1127

Carthage

foundation,
105
,
184

western Greeks and,
184
,
217
,
225

Athens and,
190

Rome and,
233
–6

Germanic capture,
293

child sacrifice in,
297

Arab capture,
330

cartography,
168
,
532
,
535
,
538

Casas, Bartolomé de las (1474–1566), Spanish defender of Indians,
646

caste-system in India,
119
,
125
–6,
425
,
427
,
431

irrelevant to Buddha,
131

Castro, Fidel (1927–), Cuban dictator,
1085
–8

Catal Hüyük, Turkey,
35
,
41

Catherine II (1729–96), tsarina of Russia (1762–96),
624
–5,
627
,
628
,
692

Catholicism
see
Roman Catholic Church

Cato, Marcus (234–149
BC
), Roman statesman,
235

Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge,
1012

Cavour, Camillo Benso di (1810–61), Italian statesman,
755
,
757

Celestine V (d. 1296), pope (1294),
498
–9

Celtic peoples,
155
,
218
,
238

on British fringes,
302
,
393

Central America

human immigration,
27

agriculture in,
152
,
483
,
487

early cultures of,
152
–3,
483
–4,
486
–7

European discovery of,
533

territorial occupation,
641
–9

see also
Aztecs; Mayan civilization; individual areas

Central Asia

nomads from,
117
,
321
–3,
428

topography of,
321

see also
Huns; Mongols

cereal crops,
32

in Mesopotamia,
49
,
58

in Crete,
96

in peasant diet,
514

trade in,
555
,
558
,
622

Russian production,
622
,
708

in New World,
708

tariffs on,
718

new strains of,
1005

yields,
804

and genetic modification,
1003
,
1017

(i) barley,
31
,
58
,
71
,
168

(ii) emmer,
32
,
71

(iii) maize,
152
,
442
,
488
; to Africa,
670