The New Penguin History of the World (223 page)

successors,
246
–7

military aims,
247
–8

use of religion,
255

Aurelian (
c.
214–75), Roman emperor (270–75),
281

Aurungzebe (1618–1707), Moghul emperor of India (1658–1707),
441
,
442
,
638

Australia

European settlement,
630
,
657
,
671
,
782

aborigines,
668
,
810

food production in,
708
,
810

‘White Australia’ policy,
799

federal structure,
806

and New Guinea,
829

in World War II,
962

and Indonesia,
985

foreign policy,
1064

economy,
1117

Australopithecus
,
8
–9,
11
,
15

Austria

Dual Monarchy
see
Habsburgs

French revolutionary wars,
733
,
738

Venice acquired,
742

Vienna settlement and,
747

1848 revolts and,
752

Slav nationalism in,
872
,
898

Anschluss
,
955

post 1945,
1046

joins EU,
1155

see also
Habsburgs

avant-garde
, idea of,
946

Avars,
352

in Balkans,
320

Persian allies,
320

use of stirrup,
324

and Byzantium,
362

Charlemagne and,
397

Averroes (1126–98), Islamic philosopher,
339

Avicenna
see
Ibn-Sina

Avignon, papal residence at,
499
–500

Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt and Levant,
376

Azanian culture in Africa,
481

Aztecs

tributary empire of,
485
–7

Spanish conquest,
643
,
811

Babur (1483–1530), founder of Moghul empire (1526–30),
435
–6,
438

Babylon

first empire,
61
–5

Kassites in,
89
,
115

Hittite raid,
107

Assyrians and,
115

conquers Jerusalem,
114
,
261

last empire,
118

Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), English philosopher,
680
–1,
689

Bactria

Bactrians, Greek kingdom of,
218

in India,
428

Baghdad

Abbasid capital,
336
,
338

Varangians in,
365

sacked by Mongols,
379

taken by Turks,
391

Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de (
c.
1475–1517), Spanish explorer,
642

Balfour Declaration (1917) on Jewish homeland,
939
,
988

Balkans

Slavs and Avars in,
320

Ottoman empire and,
388
,
530

independent states emerge,
871

see also
individual areas

Baluchistan,
120
,
121

Bandung Conference (1955),
1051

Bangladesh,
1031
,
1049

banking,
515
,
517
,
556

Bantu peoples,
480

Basil II (
c.
958–1025), Byzantine emperor (976–1025),
352
,
354

Basques,
589

Bath, thermal springs at,
301

Batista, Fulgencio (1901–73), Cuban dictator,
1085

battles

Marathon (490
BC
),
185
,
187

Mycale (480
BC
),
186

Plataea (480
BC
),
186

Salamis (480
BC
),
186
,
187

Thermopylae (480
BC
),
186

Leuctra (371
BC
),
190

Cannae (216
BC
),
234

Trasimene (217
BC
),
234

Zama (202
BC
),
234

Actium (31
BC
),
245

Adrianople (378),
292

Tours (732),
396

Stamford Bridge (1066),
410

Hastings (1066),
410

Manzikert (1071),
359
,
374

Crécy (1346),
507

Agincourt (1415),
507

Tannenberg (1410),
529

Mohács (1526),
388

Lepanto (1571),
603

Plassey (1757),
640

Saratoga (1777),
723

Yorktown (1781),
723
,
729

Aboukir (1798),
739

Somme (1916),
734
,
893
,
957

Trafalgar (1805),
739

Waterloo (1815),
744

Omdurman (1898),
793

Verdun (1916),
893
,
957

Passchendale (1917),
896

Atlantic, the (1939–45),
958
,
962
–3

Britain (1940),
959

El Alamein (1942),
962

Stalingrad (1942),
962

Dien Bien Phu (1954),
1061
–2

Bay of Pigs,
1086

Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706), French philosopher,
686

Beccaria, Cesare (1738–94), Italian penologist,
691

Becket, St Thomas (1118–1170), English bishop, politician, martyr,
495

Becquerel, Antoine Henri (1852–1908) French scientist,
1013

Bede (
c.
673–735), English scholar monk,
303

Beethoven, Ludwig van (1770–1827), German composer,
946

Belgium, Belgians

Franks in,
302

area adumbrated,
585

independence,
749

in Congo,
825
,
826
,
1075

World War II and,
958
,
963

see also
Flanders; Netherlands

Belisarius (
c.
505–65), Roman general,
306
–7

Belshazzar (6th cent.
BC
), Babylonian prince,
118

Benedictine monasteries,
311
,
415

Benedict, St (
c.
480–
c.
544)

monasticist,
311

Rule of,
399
,
414

Benelux
see
Belgium; Netherlands

Bengal

British entry,
640

partition,
853

famine in,
982

secession of East,
1031
,
1049

Benin,
481

Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832), British philosopher,
691
,
881
–2

Berber peoples,
149
,
297
,
330

Berlin

growth,
713

Congress of (1878),
888

division and blockade of,
1041
–3

Wall of,
1094
,
1142

Bernard of Clairvaux, St (1090–1153), Cistercian reformer,
491
–2,
497
,
525

Bevin, Ernest (1881–1951), British statesman,
976

Bhagavad Gita
, Hindu text,
426

Bible

diffusion,
108
,
678

Carolingian copies,
399

printed,
539
,
542

literal truth questioned,
876
,
878

and Red Book,
1061

see also
New Testament; Old Testament

Bin Laden, Osama, Saudi extremist,
1171
,
1173
,
1174

biology, biological sciences,
1015
–17

biotechnology,
1017

Bismarck, Otto von (1815–98), Prussian statesman,
1046
,
1143

German unification and,
755
–6,
757
,
966

imperialism and,
871

foreign policy of,
883
,
889
–90

Black Death (1348–50),
517

Blair, Tony (1953–), British prime minister,
1157
,
1175
–7

Boadicea (d. 62), British queen,
257

Boeotia,
192

Boers

on Great Trek,
807
,
809
,
1077

settlement,
808

wars with British,
808
–9

see also
South Africa

Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (
c.
480–524), Roman philosopher,
304
,
400
,
409

Bogomil heresy,
359

Bohr, Niels (1885–1962), Danish physicist,
1014

Boleslav I, king of Poland (992–1025),
370

Bolivar, Simon (1783–1830), S. American statesman,
802

Bolivia,
1083
,
1089

Bologna, university of,
536

Bolsheviks,
868

October Revolution and,
879

former allies and,
897

Stalin and,
908

in Middle East,
921
,
943

conservative fears of,
952

aims,
1041

Bonaparte, Napoleon
see
Napoleon I

Boniface, St (680–754), evangelist of Germany,
396
,
414

Boniface VIII, pope (1294–1303),
498

Bosnia

in Ottoman empire,
388

annexed by Austria-Hungary,
888

declares independence,
1145

peace settlement
1151
,
1168

Bosnia-Herzegovina,
1151

Boston

‘Massacre’ (1770),
722

‘Tea Party’(1773),
722

Botha, P. W. (1916–2006), S. African prime minister,
1079

Bougainville, Louis de (1729–1811), French explorer,
672

Bourbon dynasty of France,
581
,
600

against Habsburgs,
604

in exile,
738

restored,
740
,
744
,
748

Boxer movement in China (1900)

xenophobic,
839
,
849
,
915

Germans and,
874

indemnities for,
919
,
925

Brahe, Tycho (1546–1601), Danish astronomer,
683
–4

brahmans,
124
,
126
,
127
,
129

Hindu thought and,
129

in Maurya empire,
423
,
427

evolved into Hinduism,
431

Brahmans
, Indian texts,
127

brain, growth of,
11

Brandenburg

electorate of,
605
,
625

see also
Prussia

Brazil

Portuguese in,
533
,
644
–5

slaves emancipated,
791
,
802

independence of,
801