The Norman Conquest (60 page)

8
  On the extent to which the Normans remained Norsemen, cf. Bates,
Normandy
, and E. Searle,
Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066
(Berkeley, 1988).

9
 
ASC
E, 1014.

10
  
EHD
, i, 247, 335–6; below, 23

11
   Barlow,
Confessor
, 35n.

12
   S. Keynes, ‘The Æthelings in Normandy’,
ANS
, 13 (1991), 176–81;
ASC
E, 1016, 1017.

13
  
ASC
E, 1017;
GND
, ii, 20–1;
EER
, [xxii–xxiv], 32–5. See also E. van Houts, ‘A Note on
Jezebel
and
Semiramis, Two
Latin Poems from the Early Eleventh Century’, idem,
History and Family Traditions in England and the Continent, 1000–1200
(Aldershot, 1999), III, 18–24.

14
   E. van Houts, ‘Edward and Normandy’,
Edward the Confessor
, ed. Mortimer, 64.

15
   M. K. Lawson,
Cnut: The Danes in England in the Early Eleventh Century
(1993), 86–8; cf. Keynes, Æthelings’, 181–4.

16
   Richard II died on 23 August 1026, Richard III on 5 or 6 August 1027. See D. Douglas, ‘Some Problems of Early Norman Chronology’,
EHR
, 65 (1950), 296–303; D. Crouch,
The Normans
(2002), 46–8.

17
  
GND
, ii, 76–8; E. van Houts, ‘The Political Relations between Normandy and England before 1066 according to the
Gesta Normannorum Ducum
’, idem,
History and Family Traditions, V
, 85–97.

18
  
Sources and Documents
, 8;
GND
, i, xxxii–xxxv; ii, 76–9; Keynes, Æthelings’, 186–94.

19
  
Sources and Documents
, 8;
GND
, ii, 78–9.

20
   Ibid.; R. Mortimer, ‘Edward the Confessor: The Man and the Legend’,
Edward the Confessor
, ed. Mortimer, 4–5.

21
  
GND
, ii, 79–85. The story that Robert visited the Byzantine emperor in Constantinople, carried in a later redaction of the
GND
, has been discredited. See E. van Houts, ‘Normandy and Byzantium in the Eleventh Century’, idem,
History and Family Traditions
, I, 544–59.

CHAPTER 2

1
 
EHD
, i, 335;
GND
, ii, 78–9;
DNB
Cnut.

2
  M. Hare, ‘Cnut and Lotharingia: Two Notes’,
Anglo-Saxon England,
29 (2000), 261–8; HH, 17–18.

3
 
DNB
Cnut;
The Letters and Poems of Fulbert of Chartres
, ed. F. Behrends (Oxford, 1976), 67–9.

4
  N. Hooper, ‘The Housecarls in England in the Eleventh Century’,
ANS
, 7 (1985), 161–76. For a summary, see M. K. Lawson,
The Battle of Hastings 1066
(Stroud, 2002), 158–9;
ASC
E, 1012; below, 32, 75–6.

5
  J. S. Moore, ‘“Quot Homines?”: The Population of Domesday England’,
ANS
, 19 (1997), 307–34, arrives at an estimate of 1.9 million in 1086.

6
  See, for example, the fleeting references in F. M. Stenton,
Anglo-Saxon England
(3rd edn, Oxford, 1971) and
The Anglo-Saxons
, ed. J. Campbell (1982). A notable exception is J. M. Kemble,
The Saxons in England
(1849), i, 185–227. In general, see D. A. E. Pelteret,
Slavery in Early Mediæval England
(Woodbridge, 1995); idem, ‘Slave Raiding and Slave Trading in Early England’,
Anglo-Saxon England,
9 (1981), 99–114; J. S. Moore, ‘Domesday Slavery’,
ANS
, 11 (1989), 191–220; D. Wyatt, ‘The Significance of Slavery: Alternative Approaches to Anglo-Saxon Slavery’,
ANS
, 23 (2001), 327–47.

7
  Pelteret,
Slavery
, 70.

8
  Ibid., 65.

9
  H. G. Richardson and G. O. Sayles,
Law and Legislation from Æthelberht to Magna Carta
(Edinburgh, 1966), 10, 16, 20–1.

10
  
EHD
, i, 931. See also WM,
Gesta Regum
, 362–3, and WM,
Saints’ Lives
, 100–3.

11
  
EHD
, i, 468–9; A. Williams,
The English and the Norman Conquest
(Woodbridge, 1995), 73; P. A. Clarke,
The English Nobility under Edward the Confessor
(Oxford, 1994), 32–3.

12
  
EHD
, i, 930, 932.

13
   K. Mack, ‘Changing Thegns: Cnut’s Conquest and the English Aristocracy’,
Albion
, 4 (1984), 375–87.

14
   For runestones, see
Anglo-Saxons
, ed. Campbell, 198.

15
   S. Baxter,
The Earls of Mercia: Lordship and Power in Late Anglo-Saxon England
(Oxford, 2007), 26–8. For a more detailed analysis, see S. Keynes, ‘Cnut’s Earls’,
The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway
, ed. A. R. Rumble (1994), 43–88.

16
  
DNB
Godwine;
ASC
E, 1009;
VER
, 8–11.

17
   L. M. Larson, ‘The Political Policies of Cnut as King of England’,
American Historical Review
, 15 (1910), 735;
DNB
Thorkell;
DNB
Erik; Baxter,
Earls of Mercia
, 33–4.

18
   Ibid., 33–5.

19
  
DNB
Siward; R. Fleming,
Kings and Lords in Conquest England
(Cambridge, 1991), 48–52.

20
   Lawson,
Cnut
, 113–14.

21
  
ASC
E, 1035. For pre-Conquest assemblies, see J. R. Maddicott,
The Origins of the English Parliament, 924–1327
(Oxford, 2010), 1–56 (39 for this particular episode).

22
  
ASC
E, 1035.

23
  
EER
, 32–5, 38–41;
ASC
C, D and E, 1035.

24
  
EER
, [xxxii–xxxiii].

25
  
GND
, ii, 104–7.

26
  
EER
, [xxxiii–xxxiv], 40–3.

27
   Ibid.;
ASC
C and D, 1036;
GND
, ii, 106–7; WP, 7, says Alfred went ‘better prepared than his brother for armed opposition. He also sought his father’s sceptre’; JW, ii, 522–5.

28
  
ASC
E, 1035;
EER
, [xxx].

29
   Ibid., 42–7;
ASC
C and D, 1036;
DNB
Alfred Ætheling. Cf. Barlow,
Confessor
, 45–6.

30
   Cf.
ASC
C and D, 1036;
GND
, ii, 106–7;
EER
, [lxv], lxv, 42–5.

31
  
ASC
C, 1037.

32
  
EER
, [xxxv–xxxvii]; 36–7, 46–9.

33
   Ibid., [xxxvii], 48–51.

34
  
ASC
E, 1040, says Harold ruled England for four years and sixteen weeks, implying his reign began in late November 1035. He was the first king to be buried at Westminster Abbey, if only briefly.
DNB
Harold I.

35
  
ASC
C, 1040.

36
   Ibid.; JW, ii, 530–1.

37
   Pending publication of JW volume 1, see A. Gransden,
Historical Writing in England, c.550 to c.1307
(1974), 43–8.

38
   JW, ii, 530–3. His claim that Godwine gave Harthacnut a ship appears to be a confusion with the earl’s gift to Edward the Confessor two years later. S. Keynes and R. Love, ‘Earl Godwine’s Ship’,
Anglo-Saxon England
, 38 (2009), 202–3.

39
  
ASC
C and E, 1040. For debate about these figures, see M. K. Lawson, ‘The Collection of Danegeld and Heregeld in the Reigns of Æthelred II and Cnut’,
EHR
, 99 (1984), 721–38; J. Gillingham, ‘“The Most Precious Jewel in the English Crown”: Levels of Danegeld and Heregeld in the Early Eleventh Century’,
EHR,
104 (1989), 373–84; Lawson, ‘“Those Stories Look True”: Levels of Taxation in the Reigns of Æthelred and Cnut’,
EHR
, 104 (1989), 385–406; Gillingham, ‘Chronicles and Coins as Evidence for Levels of Tribute and Taxation in Later Tenth- and Early Eleventh-Century England’,
EHR
, 105 (1990), 939–50; Lawson, ‘Danegeld and Heregeld Once More’,
EHR
, 105 (1990), 951–61.

40
  
ASC
E, 1040; P. Stafford,
Unification and Conquest
(1989), 81; JW, ii, 532–3.

41
  
ASC
C, 1040, 1041.

42
  
EER
, 52–3;
ASC
C, 1041.