The Norman Conquest (61 page)

43
   J. R. Maddicott, ‘Edward the Confessor’s Return to England in 1041’,
EHR
, 119 (2004), 650–66.

44
   WP, 6–7; JW, ii, 532–5;
ASC
C and E, 1040; Keynes and Love, ‘Earl Godwine’s Ship’, 195–6.

CHAPTER 3

1
  According to a contemporary chronicler called Ralph Glaber, Robert had at one time married a daughter of King Cnut, but broke it off because he found her so odious. For the problems with this comment, see Douglas, ‘Some Problems’, 292–5.

2
  WM,
Gesta Regum
, 426–7; E. M. C. van Houts, ‘The Origins of Herleva, Mother of William the Conqueror’,
EHR
, 101 (1986), 399–404.

3
  Freeman,
Norman Conquest
, ii, 581–3.

4
 
Rodulfus Glaber, Historiarum Libri Quinque
, ed. J. France, N. Bulst and P. Reynolds (2nd edn, Oxford, 1993), 204–5;
GND
, i, 58–9, 78–9. See also D. Bates, ‘The Conqueror’s Earliest Historians and the Writing of his Biography’,
Writing Medieval Biography 750–1250: Essays in Honour of Professor Frank Barlow
, ed. D. Bates, J. Crick and S. Hamilton (Woodbridge, 2006), 134.

5
  Douglas,
Conqueror
, 15, 36;
GND
, ii, 80–1.

6
 
Rodulfus Glaber
, ed. France et al., 204–5.

7
  E. Hallam and J. Everard,
Capetian France, 987–1328
(2001), 7; T. Holland,
Millennium
(2008), 146n.

8
  T. Reuter, ‘Plunder and Tribute in the Carolingian Empire’,
TRHS,
5th ser., 35 (1985), 75–94; J. Dunbabin,
France in the Making, 843–1180
(2nd edn, Oxford, 2000), 1–16, 27.

9
  Ibid., 27–43.

10
   R. A. Brown,
English Castles
(2nd edn, 1976), 14–39; Fernie,
Architecture
, 3–14.

11
   Dunbabin,
France in the Making
, 43, 52–4; R. Bartlett,
The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350
(1993), 43–51.

12
   Dunbabin,
France in the Making
, 143–50.

13
   Ibid., 232–7; D. Crouch,
The Birth of Nobility: Constructing Aristocracy in England and France 900–1300
(Harlow, 2005), 261–4. See the debate on ‘The “Feudal Revolution’” between T. N. Bisson, D. Barthélemy, S. D. White, C. Wickham and T. Reuter in
Past and Present
, 142 (1994), 6–42; 152 (1996), 196–223; 155 (1997), 177–225.

14
   Bates,
Normandy, passim
. For a contrary view see Searle,
Predatory Kinship
, but cf. Bates’s review of Searle in
Speculum
, 65 (1990), 1045–7.

15
   Bates,
Normandy
, 99, 156–7; D. C. Douglas, ‘The Earliest Norman Counts’,
EHR
, 61 (1946), 129–56.

16
   Fernie,
Architecture
, 11–12, 50; OV, iv, 290–1.

17
   Bates,
Normandy
, 65–8, 116–17, 165; R. H. C. Davis, ‘The Warhorses of the Normans’,
ANS
, 10 (1988), 67–82.

18
   H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘The Peace and Truce of God in the Eleventh Century’,
Past and Present
, 46 (1970), 42–67.

19
   Bates,
Normandy
, 66–7, 174, 195.

20
   Douglas,
Conqueror
, 32–9; C. Potts,
Monastic Revival and Regional Identity in Early Normandy
(Woodbridge, 1997), 121, 128, 131.

21
  
GND
, ii, 92–3, 110–11.

22
   Douglas,
Conqueror
, 37, 40;
GND
, ii, 92–5; OV, iv, 82–3.

23
   D. Bates, ‘The Conqueror’s Adolescence’,
ANS
, 25 (2003), 7–8;
GND
, ii, 92–5, 98–9.

24
   Bates, ‘Conqueror’s Adolescence’ 3–4; WM,
Gesta Regum
, 426–7. The subsequent recriminations over the surrender of Tillières to Henry (see
GND
, ii, 100–1) may explain why contemporary chroniclers fail to mention the king’s involvement in William’s knighting.

25
   OV, ii, 184–5, 258–61.

26
   WP, 6–9.

27
   Ibid., 8–9; Douglas,
Conqueror
, 44; Bates,
Normandy
, 176, 198.

28
   WP, 8–9.

29
   Ibid., 8–11; Douglas,
Conqueror
, 47–8; Bates, ‘Conqueror’s Adolescence’, 5–6, 13–15.

30
   Wace, 131–3; WP, 10–11;
GND
, ii, 120–1; Douglas,
Conqueror
, 48–9; Bates,
Normandy
, 61–2.

31
   Wace, 133–7; WP, 10–11.

32
   Wace, 133, 138; E. Zadora-Rio, ‘L’enceinte fortifiée du Plessis-Grimoult, résidence seigneuriale du XIe siècle’,
Chateau Gaillard,
5 (1972), 227–39; WP, 10–11;
GND
, ii, 122–3.

33
   Bates,
Normandy
, 179.

CHAPTER 4

1
 
ASC
C and E, 1043. Cf. Barlow,
Confessor
, 54–7.

2
 
ASC
C, D and E, 1043.

3
 
EER
, [lxxii].

4
  F. Barlow, ‘Two Notes: Cnut’s Second Pilgrimage and Queen Emma’s Disgrace in 1043’,
EHR
, 73 (1958), 653–4; P. Stafford,
Queen Emma and Queen Edith
(Oxford, 1997), 248–51.

5
  A phrase used by Barlow,
Confessor
, 59 (but cf. ibid., 79).

6
  Lawson,
Battle of Hastings
, 38.

7
 
EER
, 20–1;
ASC
E, 1009, 1040; C, D and E, 1044–5.

8
  Freeman,
Norman Conquest
, ii, 92; Snorri, 76–7.

9
 
ASC
D, 1048.

10
  
ASC
D, 1044; C, D and E, 1046.

11
   Above, 36, 41;
VER
, 14–15; WM,
Gesta Regum
, 351–3.

12
   For the complete text of the poem, see H. Summerson, ‘Tudor Antiquaries and the
Vita Æwardi regis’, Anglo-Saxon England
, 38 (2009), 170–2. For comment, see Keynes and Love, ‘Earl Godwine’s Ship’,
passim
.

13
   S. Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor and the Succession Question’,
Edward the Confessor
, ed. Mortimer, 83–4.

14
  
VER
, xxiii, 22–5.

15
   Ibid., 24–5.

16
   E. John, ‘Edward the Confessor and the Norman Succession’,
EHR
, 94 (1979), 248–9. Barlow, in his introduction to
VER,
lxxiii–lxxviii, takes a contrary view, as do P. Stafford, ‘Edith, Edward’s Wife and Queen’,
Edward the Confessor
, ed. Mortimer, 135–8, and Baxter ‘Edward the Confessor’, 82–5, where the case for celibacy is said to turn on
VER
, 14–15. However, the lines ‘He preserved with holy chastity … in true innocence’
(VER
, 92–3), previously suspected of being a later addition, were evidently part of the original text: Summerson, ‘Tudor Antiquaries’, 164, 176. The fact adduced by Barlow and repeated by Baxter that Bishop Leofric of Exeter prayed for the marriage to produce an heir proves only that people hoped for one—as well they might.

17
   Stafford, ‘Edith, Edward’s Wife’, 121–4.

18
  
ASC
C, 1045; D, 1047; JW, ii, 544–5.

19
  
ASC
C, 1046; E, 1047; C, D and E, 1049.

20
  
ASC
C and E, 1050.

21
  
ASC
E, 1048; C, 1049.

22
   WP, 10–13; Historians have doubted the suggestion in OV, iv, 210–11, that the siege lasted three years. But note William’s decision to hold a church council at Brionne in 1050, which may parallel the proclamation of the Peace of God at Caen soon after Val-és-Dunes. See S. N. Vaughn, ‘Lanfranc at Bec:A Reinterpretation’,
Albion
, 17 (1985) 12–13.

23
  
GND
, ii, 128–9; WP, 30–1.

24
   Her parents’ marriage was apparently not consummated until 1031. Douglas,
Conqueror
, 392.

25
   Cf. Crouch,
Normans
, 125. The scanty remains of Matilda’s skeleton were measured in 1959, and from this it was concluded that her height was 5’ (152 cm). But since the tombs at Caen were destroyed during the sixteenth century and their contents scattered, the value of this conclusion is, to say the least, questionable. See J. Dewhurst, ‘A Historical Obstetric Enigma: How Tall Was Matilda?’,
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
, 1 (1981), 271–2.

26
  
GND
, ii, 128–9.

27
   Bates,
Normandy
, 199–201.

28
  
ASC
C and D, 1049.

29
  
GND
, ii, 128–31; WP, 32–3.