The Rape of Europa (87 page)

18.
Woolley, op. cit., p. 28.

19.
Tutaev,
The Consul of Florence
, p. 42.

20.
NA, RG 239/59, AMG Report 65, pp. 40–41.

21.
Ibid., Sjogvist, “Pro Memoria,” October 2, 1944.

22.
Ibid., AMG Report 49, von Tieschowitz, “Report to Rahn,” November 19, 1943.

23.
Ibid., “Daily Reports,” p. 7.

24.
Tutaev, op. cit., pp. 93–94.

25.
NA, RG 239/64, Cooper and De Wald, “Report on the German Kunstschutz in Italy,” June 30, 1945.

26.
Von Tieschowitz Daily Reports, p. 10.

27.
RC, Final Report, June 1946, p. 80.

28.
Sjoqvist, op. cit., p. 6.

29.
NGA, Library, Parkhurst Papers, Keynes to Walker, February 15, 1944.

30.
M. W. Clark,
Calculated Risk
(New York, 1950), p. 322.

31.
D. Hapgood and D. Richardson,
Monte Cassino
(New York, 1984), p. 227.

32.
The New York Times
, March 13, 1944.

33.
NA, RG 165/463, CAD Section 4, Office of Director of Operations, February 23, 1944.

34.
Ibid., War Department Cables 54038 and 46439, June 3, 1944.

35.
NA, RG 239/58, Cott, Field Report, July 11, 1943.

36.
NA, RG 239/38, Pinsent, AMG Report 24, p. 11.

37.
NA, RG 165/463, quoted in undated draft speech by John Walker.

38.
Movements of Florentine works from NGA, Library, Hartt Papers, Keller Report, February 17, 1945; Enthoven Report, February 21, 1945; Reidemeister Report, June 1945; Ringler Report, undated.

39.
Tutaev, op. cit., p. 210.

40.
C. Fasola,
The Florentine Galleries and the War
(Florence, 1945), p. 69.

41.
NA, RG 239/19, Harrison to Secretary of State, no. 5428, August 19, 1944.

42.
Tutaev, op. cit., p. 289.

43.
B. Berenson,
Rumor and Reflection
(New York, 1952), p. 382.

44.
Fasola, op. cit., p. 61.

45.
NA, RG 239/15, Erlich to Sachs, August 4, 1944.

46.
F. Hartt,
Florentine Art under Fire
(Princeton, 1949), p. 30.

47.
The New York Times
, August 30, 1944.

48.
Hartt, op. cit., p. 47.

49.
D. Lang, “Letter from Florence,”
The New Yorker
, September 25, 1944, p. 71.

50.
Hartt Papers, Keller Report on moving of statue, February 17, 1945.

51.
Hartt, op. cit., p. 92.

52.
Events in Pisa based on NA, RG 239/59, Keller, Field Reports, September-November 1944.

53.
Tutaev, op. cit., p. 92.

54.
De Wald-Cooper Report, p. 12.

55.
I. Origo,
War in Val d’Orcia
(London, 1984), p. 91.

56.
Ibid., p. 113.

57.
Ibid., p. 206.

58.
Ibid., p. 234.

59.
Following based on De Wald-Cooper Report, part 3.

60.
Hartt Papers, Ringler Report, pp. 12–13.

61.
A. Dulles,
The Secret Surrender
(New York, 1966), p. 93.

62.
Ibid., pp. 162–65, 184.

63.
Hartt, op. cit., p. 105.

64.
Dulles, op. cit., p. 245.

65.
NA, RG 239/64, Keller Report, May 22, 1945.

66.
Ibid., p. 7.

X. TOUCH AND GO

1.
Columbia University, Hathaway Papers, note by Hathaway on document, January 8, 1961.

2.
Woolley,
Record
, p. 43.

3.
Coles and Weinberg,
Civil Affairs
, pp. 864–65.

4.
Ibid., p. 864.

5.
NA, RG 239/52, Newton to Sachs, February 2, 1944.

6.
NA, RG 239/7, Wildenstein, “Works of Art—Weapons of War and Peace,”
La Répuhlique française
, December 1943. Included as Exhibit “A” in UST/FFC, Report NY 8–2818.

7.
NA, RG 239/5, Minutes of RC meeting, February 3, 1944.

8.
NA, RG 239/49, Safehaven Project Circular, January 16, 1945.

9.
NA, RG 165/463, SD Cable 3281, April 21, 1944.

10.
Ibid., Finley to Hilldring, April 28, 1944.

11.
Ibid., Hilldring to Finley, May 2, 1944.

12.
Ibid., Newton to Hilldring, May 23, 1944.

13.
Ibid., Hilldring to Holmes, Cairns, Newton, June 23 and 28, 1944.

14.
Minutes of RC meeting, July 27, 1944.

15.
NA, RG 239, Finley to McCloy, August 5, 1944.

16.
NA, RG 165/463, CAD memo, August 21, 1944.

17.
Ibid., Holmes to Hilldring, September 11, 1944.

18.
Ibid., Hilldring to Cairns, September 19 and 22, 1944.

19.
NA, RG 239/9, Rousseau to Stokes, February 24, 1945.

20.
Churchill,
The Second World War
, vol. 6, pp. 12–15.

21.
NA, RG 239/24, LaFarge Reports, June 21–24, 1944.

22.
J. Rorimer,
Survival
(New York, 1950), p. 15.

23.
Ronmer Papers, New York, Rorimer diary, August 9, 1945.

24.
ANF, AJ40/573, Bayeux Tapestry File. Courtesy of I. Vernus.

25.
NA, RG 239/74, Bernheim-Jeune deposition.

26.
Reported to author by Hector Feliciano, Antenne Deux, Paris, May 1993.

27.
Mazauric,
Le Louvre en voyage
, pp. 139–41.

28.
Ibid., pp. 167–68.

29.
Interview with Huyghe.

30.
Valland,
Le Front de l’art
, p. 195.

31.
Rorimer diary, August 18 and 19, 1944.

32.
Ibid., August 23–24, 1944.

33.
See Audiat,
Paris pendant la guerre.

34.
NA, RG 260/182, Lohse to Hofer, July 13, 1944.

35.
Valland, op. cit., pp. 184–87.

36.
NA, RG 260/411, Rosenberg memo, November 24, 1944.

37.
Ibid., Hearing summary, January 15, 1945.

38.
ANF, AJ 40/573, von Tieschowitz to Busley, June 22, 1944.

39.
Rorimer,
Survival
, p. 59.

40.
Valland, op. cit., pp. 210–11.

41.
NA, RG 239/11, AMG Report 11, “Excerpts from MFAA Report to Oct. 1, 1944.”

42.
NA, RG 260/386 VI, Figlhuber memo, September 7, 1944, and German Navy memo, September 9, 1944.

43.
The New York Times
, April 12, 1944.

44.
This and following Hancock quotes: W. Hancock, “Experiences of a Monuments Officer in Germany,”
College Art Journal
, May 1946; and interview.

45.
AAA, Stout Papers, diary, various entries.

46.
Lord Methuen,
Normandy Diary
(London, 1952), October 23, 1944, p. 62.

47.
Rorimer diary, various entries, September 1944.

48.
Rorimer Papers, SHAEF Report, February 13, 1945.

49.
Rorimer diary, October 26, 1944.

50.
Rorimer,
Survival
, p. 89.

51.
W. Hancock, interview with author.

52.
NA, RG 239/28, Ross, “Report on Visit to Strasbourg 10–17, December, 1944,” January 4, 1945.

53.
Rorimer Papers. Sommier to Rorimer, October 30, 1944.

54.
Ibid., Eighth Report, November 12, 1944.

55.
Rorimer diary, March 22, 1945.

56.
Clark,
The Other Half
, p. 71.

57.
Ibid., p. 73.

58.
Rothenstein,
Brave Day, Hideous Night
, p. 140.

59.
Fabiani,
Quand j’étais marchand de tableaux
, pp. 140–41.

60.
Clark, op. cit., p. 72.

61.
J. R. Mellow,
Charmed Circle
(New York, 1974), P. 457.

62.
Rothenstein, op. cit., p. 143.

63.
Rorimer Papers, Thirteenth/Fourteenth Report, March 10, 1945.

64.
The following account is based mainly on I. Kühnel-Kunze,
Bergung, Evakuierung, Rückführung: Die Berliner Museen in den Jahre 1939–1959
(Berlin, 1984); also various articles by and interviews with Klaus Goldmann of the Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Berlin, especially his “Der Schatz des Priamos,” in
Sonderdruck aus Heinrich Schliemann: Grundlagen und Ergebnisse moderner Archäologie 100 Jahre nach Schliemanns Tod
, ed. J. Herrmann (Berlin, 1992).

65.
D. Botting and I. Sayer,
Nazi Gold
(New York, 1984), p. 11.

66.
NA, RG 239/77, CIR Linz, pp. 78–80.

67.
Kubin,
Sonderauftrag Linz
, pp. 71–79.

68.
Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, p. 459.

69.
Ibid., pp. 314–15.

70.
Following based on Kubin, op. cit., chaps. 2 and 3, which cites many Austrian accounts; NA, RG 260/186, Scholz report to Posey, May 20, 1945; CIR Linz; CIR Goering; DIR-Voss; and many others.

71.
NA, RG 260/186, von Hummel to Sieber, May 1, 1945.

72.
Kubin, op. cit., p. 130.

73.
NA, RG 239/28, Report, unsigned, presumably by Luithlen, May 12, 1945. Also Kubin, op. cit., pp. 130–37.

74.
NA, RG 239/85, CIR Goering, pp. 170–73.

75.
CIR Goering, pp. 173–74.

76.
Shirer,
Third Reich
, pp. 1112–1118.

77.
NA, RG 239/77, memo, Newkirk to Sixth Army, August 1, 1945.

78.
NA, RG 260/439, Oberkommissar Boos testimony. Report on Field Trip to Berchtesgaden, Taper and Breitenbach, Part 3: General History of Goering Train, for Leonard, September 1, 1947.

79.
Ibid., p. 6.

80.
Murphy, A
Diplomat among Warriors
, pp. 228–29.

81.
LC, Stimson Papers, diary, reel 128.

82.
C. Hull,
Memoirs
(New York, 1948), FDR to Hull, October 20, 1944, p. 1621.

83.
Murphy, op. cit., p. 228.

84.
Morgenthau Diary
(Washington, D.C., 1967), vol. 2, pp. 1294, 1302.

85.
NA, RG 239/38, Harvey to Kefauver, July 18, 1944.

86.
Summarized in FRUS, 1945, vol. 2; and Grew to RC February 27, 1945.

87.
John Nicholas Brown Center, Brown Papers, JNB to his wife, various, April 1945.

88.
NGA, Archives, Minutes of RC meeting, April 26, 1945.

89.
NA, RG 165/463, War Department Cables FX74971 and 82956, May 13 and 15, 1945.

XI. ASHES AND DARKNESS

1.
AAA, Stout Papers, GS to his wife, March 19, 1945.

2.
NA, RG 239/10, DNB broadcast of March 17, 1945, quoted in Stout memo to ComNavEu, April 7, 1945.

3.
Hancock, “Experiences,” p. 288.

4.
Ibid., p. 289.

5.
Stout Papers, GS to his wife, April 4, 1945.

6.
Hancock, op. cit., pp. 293–94.

7.
L. Kirstein, “In Quest of the Golden Lamb,”
Town and Country
, September 1945, p. 183; NA, RG 239/11, Third Army Field Reports, April 1945; Kirstein, interview with author.