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19
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MRC, ‘MRC Trial of Mild Hypertension: Principal Results',
BMJ
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20
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N. M. Kaplan,
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(Philadelphia, PA: Williams & Wilkins, 1994).

J. H. Burchenal, ‘Historic Development of Cancer Chemotherapy',
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, 1977, Vol. 4, pp. 135–47.

A. H. Calvert (ed.), ‘A Critical Assessment of Chemotherapy',
Cancer Surveys
, 1989, Vol. 3.

George J. Hill, ‘Historic Milestones in Cancer Surgery',
Seminars in Oncology
, 1979, Vol. 6.

Henry S. Kaplan, ‘Historic Milestones in Radiobiology',
Seminars in Oncology
, 1979, Vol. 6.

Irwin Krakoff, ‘Progress and Prospects in Cancer Treatment',
Journal of Clinical Oncology
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James S. Olson,
The History of Cancer: An Annotated Bibliography
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989).

Grant Taylor (ed.),
Pioneers of Pediatric Oncology
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Maxwell M. Wintrobe,
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(Lea & Febiger, 1985).

C. Gordon Zubrod, ‘Historic Milestones in Curative Chemotherapy',
Seminars in Oncology
, 1979, Vol. 6.

1
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David Galton, Sir Eric Sharp lecture (unpublished).

2
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R. J. Araur
et al.
, ‘Central Nervous System Therapy and Combination Chemotherapy of Childhood Lymphocytic Leukaemia',
Blood
, 1971, Vol. 37, pp. 272–81.

3
.
F. N. Hersh, ‘Causes of Death in Acute Leukaemia',
JAMA
, 1965, Vol. 193, pp. 99–103. See also Joseph V. Simone, ‘Fatalities During Remission of Childhood Leukaemia',
Blood
, 1972, Vol. 39, pp. 759–69.

4
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M. L. Murphy
et al.
, ‘Long-term Survival With Acute Leukaemia',
Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research
, 1963, p. 46.

5
.
Wolf Zuelzer, ‘Therapy of Acute Leukaemia in Childhood',
Proceedings of the International Conference on Leukaemia Lymphoma
, ed. Chris Zarafonetis (Lea & Febiger, 1968).

6
.
Donald Pinkel,
Treatment of Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia
(Leukaemia Research Fund, 1973).

7
.
Editorial, ‘Radical Treatment of Acute Leukaemia in Childhood',
The Lancet
, 1972, Vol. 2, p. 910.

8
.
E. B. Kurmbahaar, ‘The Blood and Bone Marrow in Yellow Gas (Mustard Gas) Poisoning',
Journal of Medical Research
, 1919, Vol. 40, pp. 497–507.

9
.
Stewart F. Alexander, ‘Medical Report of the Bari Harbour Mustard Casualties',
Military Surgeon
, 1947, Vol. 101, p. 1216.

10
.
Louis S. Goodman
et al.
, ‘Nitrogen Mustard Therapy',
JAMA
, 1946, Vol. 132, p. 12. See also Alfred Gilman, ‘The Initial Clinical Trial of Nitrogen Mustard',
American Journal of Surgery
, 1963, Vol. 105, pp. 574–8.

11
.
See Note 1.

12
.
Cornelius P. Rhoads, ‘The Sword and the Ploughshare',
Journal of the Mount Sinai Hospital
, 1946, Vol. 13, pp. 299–309.

13
.
Lucy Wills, ‘The Nature of the Haemopoetic Factor in Marmite',
The Lancet
, 1933, Vol. 2, pp. 1283–4.

14
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Sidney Farber
et al.
, ‘The Action of Pterolyglutamic Conjugates on Man',
Science
, 19 December 1947, pp. 619–21.

15
.
Sidney Farber
et al.
, ‘Temporary Remissions in Acute Leukaemia in Children Produced by Folic Acid Antagonist Aminopterin',
NEJM
, 1948, Vol. 238, pp. 787–93.

16
.
Sidney Farber
et al.
, ‘The Effect of ACTH in Acute Leukaemia in Childhood',
Proceedings of the First Clinical ACTH Conference
, ed. J. A. Churchill, 1950.

17
.
Sidney Farber
et al.
, ‘Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Leukaemia and Wilm's Tumour',
JAMA
, 1966, Vol. 198, pp. 154–64.

18
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Ronald Bodley Scott, ‘Cancer Chemotherapy: The First Twenty-five Years',
BMJ
, 31 October 1970, pp. 259–64.

19
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J. H. Burchenal, ‘Clinical Evaluation of a New Anti-metabolite, 6 mercaptopurine in the Treatment of Leukaemia and Other Diseases',
Blood
, 1953, Vol. 8, pp. 965–96.

20
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M. E. Hodes
et al.
, ‘Vincaleukoblastine Preliminary Clinical Studies',
Cancer Research
, 1960, Vol. 20, p. 1041.

21
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Barnett Rosenberg, ‘Inhibition of Cell Division in E.Coli by Electrolysis Products from a Platinum Electrode',
Nature
, 1965, Vol. 205, p. 698. See also J. M. Hill, ‘Cisplatinous Therapy of Various Malignant Diseases',
Proceedings of the American Association of Cancer Research
, 1972, p. 20.

22
.
‘History of the Cancer Chemotherapy Programme',
Cancer Chemotherapy Reports
, 1966, Vol. 50, pp. 349–81. See also Alfred Gelhorn, ‘Invited Remarks on the Current Status of Research in Clinical Cancer Chemotherapy',
Cancer Chemotherapy Reports
, 1959, Vol. 5, p. 1217.

23
.
Min C. Li, ‘Effect of Methotrexate Therapy Upon Choriocarcinoma',
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
, 1956, Vol. 93, p. 361. See also Min C. Li, ‘Historical Background of Successful Chemotherapy for Advanced Gestational Tumours',
AJOG
, 1979, Vol. 135, pp. 266–72; Min C. Li, ‘Effects of Combined Drug Therapy on Metastatic Cancer of the Testes',
JAMA
, 1960, Vol. 174, pp. 145–53.

24
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Margaret P. Sullivan, ‘Intra-cranial Complications With Leukaemia in Childhood',
Paediatrics
, 1957, Vol. 20, pp. 757–81.

25
.
James A. Whiteside, ‘Intrathecal Amethopterin in Neurological Manifestations of Leukaemia',
Archives of Internal Medicine
, 1958, Vol. 101, pp. 279–85. See also Ralph Johnson, ‘An Experimental Therapeutic Approach to Leukaemia in Mice: Combined Chemotherapy and Central Nervous System Irradiation',
General National Cancer Institute
, 1964, Vol. 32, pp. 1333–9.

26
.
A. Spiers, personal communication, 1997.

27
.
Emil Frei III
et al.
, ‘Studies of Sequential and Combination Therapy in Acute Leukaemia: 6-MP and Methotrexate',
Blood
, 1961, Vol. 18, pp. 431–54. See also Emil Frei III
et al.
, ‘The Effectiveness of Combinations of Anti-leukaemic Agents in Inducing and Maintaining Remission in Children With Acute Leukaemia',
Blood
, 1965, Vol. 26, pp. 642–56.

28
.
Sidney Farber
et al.
, ‘Advances in Chemotherapy of Cancer in Man',
Advances of Cancer Research
, ed. Jessie P. Greenstein (New York: Academic Post, 1956).

29
.
Howard Skipper, ‘On the Criteria and Kinetics Associated with “Curability of Experimental Leukaemia”',
Cancer Chemotherapy Reports
, 1964, No. 34, pp. 65, 328.

30
.
William S. Wilcox, ‘The Last Surviving Cancer Cell: The Chances of Killing It',
Cancer Chemotherapy Reports
, 1966, Vol. 50, pp. 541–2.

31
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P. George and D. Pinkel, ‘CNS Radiation in Children with Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia in Remission',
Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research
, 1965, p. 22.

32
.
See Note 2.

33
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Gaston K. Revera, ‘Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: Thirty Years' Experience at St Jude's Children Research Hospital',
NEJM
, 1993, Vol. 329, pp. 1289–94.

34
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Donald Pinkel, ‘Treatment of Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia',
Cancer
, 1979, Vol. 43, pp. 1128–37.

35
.
K. D. Bagshawe, ‘Successful Drug Therapy in Cancer',
Modern Trends in Oncology
, ed. Ronald Raven (Butterworth, 1973).

36
.
Wolf Zuelzer, ‘Therapy of Acute Leukaemia in Childhood',
Proceedings of the International Conference on Leukaemia Lymphoma
, ed. Chris Zarafonetis (Lea & Febiger, 1968).

37
.
James T. Patterson,
The Dread Disease: Cancer and Modern American Culture
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).

38
.
C. Gordon Zubrod, ‘Historic Milestones in Curative Chemotherapy',
Seminars in Oncology
, 1979, Vol. 6, pp. 490–506.

39
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Emil Frei III, ‘Clinical Cancer Research: An Embattled Species',
Cancer
, 1982, Vol. 50, pp. 1979–92.

40
.
A. H. Lang
et al.
, ‘Treatment of Inoperable Carcinoma of the Bronchus',
The Lancet
, 1975, Vol. 2, pp. 1161–4.

41
.
Colin P. Beg, ‘Clinical Trials and Drugs Toxicity in the Elderly',
Cancer
, 1983, Vol. 52, pp. 1896–92.

42
.
J. S. Malpas, ‘Are We All Oncologists?',
Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London
, 1984, Vol. 18, p. 82.

43
.
Everett Vokes, ‘Combined Modality Therapy of Solid Tumours',
The Lancet
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Serena Chen and Edward E. Wallach, ‘Five Decades of Progress in Management of the Infertile Couple',
Fertility and Sterility
, 1994, Vol. 62, pp. 665–85.

R. G. Edwards and I. Craft, ‘Development of Assisted Conception in Assisted Human Conception',
British Medical Bulletin
, 1990, Vol. 46, pp. 565–80.

Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe,
A Matter of Life
(Sphere, 1981).

Roy Greep, ‘Gonadotrophins', in
Endocrinology: People and Ideas
, ed. S. M. McCann (New York: American Physiological Society, 1988).

Maureen McCall, ‘Pursuing Conception',
Canadian Medical Association Journal
, 1996, Vol. 154, pp. 1075–9 (a personal account of undergoing in vitro fertilisation).

V. C. Medvei,
The History of Medical Endocrinology
(Carnforth: Parthenon, 1993).

Michael J. O'Dowd and Elliot E. Philipp,
A History of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
(Carnforth: Parthenon, 1994).

Nicola Perone, ‘In Vitro Fertilisation and Embryo Transfer: A Historical Perspective',
Journal of Reproductive Medicine
, 1994, Vol. 39, pp. 695–700.

1
.
Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe,
A Matter of Life
.

2
.
Editorial, ‘Conception in a Watch Glass',
NEJM
, 1937, Vol. 217,p. 678.

3
.
G. Pincus and E. V. Enzmann, ‘Can Mammalian Eggs Undergo Normal Development in Vitro?',
Proceedings in the National Academy of Science
, 1934, Vol. 20, pp. 121–2.

4
.
Gregory Pincus and Barbara Saunders, ‘The Comparative Behaviour of Mammalian Eggs in Vivo and in Vitro',
Anatomical Record
, 1939, Vol. 75, pp. 537–42.

5
.
John Rock and Miriam Menkin, ‘In Vitro Fertilisation and Cleavage of Human Ovarian Eggs',
Science
, 1944, Vol. 100, pp. 105–7. See also Miriam Menkin and John Rock, ‘In Vitro Fertilisation and Cleavage of Human Ovarian Eggs',
AJOG
, 1948, Vol. 55, pp. 440–51.

6
.
Margaret Marsh and Wanda Ronner,
The Empty Cradle: Infertility in America
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).

7
.
M. C. Chang, ‘Fertilising Capacity of Spermatazoa Deposited into the Fallopian Tubes',
Nature
, 1951, Vol. 168, pp. 697–8.

8
.
R. G. Edwards, ‘Meiosis in Ovarian Oocytes of Adult Mammals',
Nature
, 1962, Vol. 196, pp. 446–50.

9
.
See Note 1.

10
.
Ibid.

11
.
Ibid.

12
.
R. G. Edwards, ‘Maturation in Vitro of Human Ovarian Oocytes',
The Lancet
, 1965, Vol. 2, pp. 926–9. See also R. G. Edwards, ‘Maturation in Vitro of Mice, Sheep, Cow, Pig, Rhesus Monkey and Human Ovarian Oocytes',
Nature
, 1965, Vol. 208, pp. 349–51.

13
.
R. G. Edwards, Roger Donohue
et al.
, ‘Preliminary Attempts to Fertilise Human Oocytes Matured in Vitro',
AJOG
, 1966, Vol. 96, pp. 192–200.

14
.
R. G. Edwards and B. D. Bavister, ‘Early Stages of Fertilisation in Vitro of Human Oocytes Matured in Vitro',
Nature
, 1969, Vol. 221, pp. 632–5.