The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine (67 page)

15
.
Dorothy Price, ‘Feedback Control of Gonadal Hormones: Evolution of the Concept',
Pioneers in Neuro Endocrinology
, ed. Joseph Meites (New York: Plenum, 1975).

16
.
R. Borth and B. Lunenfield, ‘Activité Gonadotrope d'un extrait d'urines de femmes en menopause',
Experientia
, 1954, Vol. X, pp. 266–8.

17
.
J. K. Butler, ‘Clinical Results With Human Gonadatrophins in Anovulation',
Postgraduate Medical Journal
, 1972, Vol. 48, pp. 27–32. See also B. Lunenfield, ‘Historic Aspects of Gonadotropins in the Induction of Ovulation',
Ovulation
, ed. Robert Greenblatt (Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 1966).

18
.
Editorial, ‘Pituitary Gonadatrophins and Multiple Pregnancy',
The Lancet
, 1965, Vol. 2, p. 276.

19
.
P. C. Steptoe, ‘Laparoscopy and Ovulation',
The Lancet
, 1968, Vol. 2, p. 913. See also R. G. Edwards, ‘Tribute to Patrick Steptoe: Beginnings of Laparoscopy',
Human Reproduction
, 1989, Vol. 4 (supplement), p. 129.

20
.
Patrick Steptoe,
Laparoscopy in Gynaecology
(E & S Livingstone, 1967).

21
.
See Note 1.

22
.
R. G. Edwards and Ruth Fowler, ‘Human Embryos in the Laboratory',
Scientific American
, 1997, Vol. 223 (6), pp. 45–54. See also P. C. Steptoe and R. G. Edwards, ‘Laparoscopic Recovery of Pre-ovulatory Human Ovocytes, After Priming of Ovaries With Gonadatrophins',
The Lancet
, 1970, Vol. 1, pp. 683–5; R. G. Edwards, P. C. Steptoe and J. M. Purdy, ‘Fertilisation and Cleavage in Vitro of Pre-ovulator Human Oocytes',
Nature
, 1970, Vol. 227, pp. 1307–9; P. C. Steptoe, R. G. Edwards and J. M. Purdy, ‘Human Blastocysts Grown in Culture',
Nature
, 1971, Vol. 229, pp. 132–3.

23
.
See Note 1.

24
.
Ibid.

25
.
R. G. Edwards, ‘Studies on Human Conception',
AJOG
, 1973, Vol. 117, pp. 587–601. See also R. G. Edwards and P. C. Steptoe, ‘Control of Human Ovulation, Fertilisation and Implantation',
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
, 1974, Vol. 67, pp. 932–6.

26
.
P. C. Steptoe and R. G. Edwards, ‘Reimplantation of a Human Embryo With Subsequent Tubal Pregnancy',
The Lancet
, 1976, Vol. 1, pp. 880–2.

27
.
P. C. Steptoe and R. G. Edwards, ‘Birth After the Reimplantation of a Human Embryo',
The Lancet
, 1978, Vol. 2, p. 366. See also R. G. Edwards, P. C. Steptoe and J. M. Purdy, ‘Establishing Full-term Human Pregnancy Using Cleaving Embryos Grown In Vitro',
British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
, 1980, Vol. 87, pp. 737–68.

28
.
A. O. Trounson
et al.
, ‘Pregnancies in Humans by Fertilisation in Vitro and Embryo Transfer in the Controlled Ovulatory Cycle',
Science
, 1981, Vol. 212, pp. 681–2. See also Howard W. Jones
et al.
, ‘Three Years of in Vitro Fertilisation',
Fertility and Sterility
, 1984, Vol. 42, pp. 826–34; R. Fleming and J. R. T. Coutts, ‘Induction of Multiple Follicular Development for IVF Assisted Human Conception',
British Medical Bulletin
, 1990, Vol. 46, pp. 596–616.

29
.
P. C. Steptoe, R. G. Edwards and D. E. Walters, ‘Observations of 767 Clinical Pregnancies and 500 Births After Human in Vitro Fertilisation',
Human Reproduction
, 1986, Vol. 1, pp. 89–94.

C. S. Goodwin, ‘Historical and Microbiological Perspectives',
Helicobacter Pylori Infection
, eds T. C. Northfield
et al.
(Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1993).

Basil Hirschowitz, ‘History of Acid-peptic Diseases',
The Growth of Gastroenterological Knowledge During the Twentieth Century
, ed. Joseph Kirsner (Lea & Febiger, 1994).

Robert J. Hopkins, ‘Helicobacter Pylori: The Missing Link in Perspective',
AJM
, 1994, Vol. 97, pp. 265–77.

Howard M. Spiro, ‘Peptic Ulcer: Moynihan's or Marshall's Disease',
The Lancet
, 1998, Vol. 352, pp. 645–6.

1
.
Barry J. Marshall
et al.
, ‘Attempt to Fulfil Koch's Postulates for Pyloric Campylobacter',
Medical Journal of Australia
, 1985, Vol. 142, pp. 436–9.

2
.
Lawrence K. Altman,
Who Goes First?
(Thorsons, 1988).

3
.
R. A. Giannela
et al.
, ‘Gastric Acid Barrier to Ingested Microorganisms in Man',
Gut
, 1972, Vol. 13, pp. 251–6.

4
.
F. Goldberg,
Family Influences in Psychosomatic Illness
(Tavistock Press, 1958).

5
.
S. Wolff and H. G. Wolff,
Human Gastric Function
(Oxford: OUP, 1943).

6
.
W. Porter
et al.
, ‘Some Experimental Observations on the Gastrointestinal Lesions in Behaviourally Conditioned Monkeys',
Psychosomatic Medicine
, 1958, Vol. 20, p. 379.

7
.
Albert Mendeloff, ‘What Has Been Happening to Duodenal Ulcers?',
Gastroenterology
, 1974, Vol. 67, pp. 1020–2.

8
.
J. Robin Warren, ‘Unidentified Curved Bacilli in Gastric Epithelium in Active Chronic Gastritis',
The Lancet
, 1983, Vol. 1, pp. 1273–5.

9
.
B. J. Marshall, ‘History of the Discovery of C. Pylori',
C. Pylori in Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease
, ed. M. J. Blaser (New York: Igaku-Shoin, 1989).

10
.
B. J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren, ‘Unidentified Curved Bacilli in the Stomach of Patients With Gastritis and Peptic Ulceration',
The Lancet
, 1984, Vol. 1, pp. 1311–14.

11
.
C. S. Goodwin, ‘Historical and Microbiological Perspectives'.

12
.
K. T. Wormsley, ‘Relapsed Duodenal Ulcer',
BMJ
, 1986, Vol. 293, p. 150.

13
.
E. A. J. Rauws and G. N. J. Tytgat, ‘Cure of Duodenal Ulcer Associated with Eradication of H.Pylori',
The Lancet
, 1990, Vol. 335, pp. 1233–5.

14
.
M. Stolte, ‘Healing Gastric Malt Lymphomas by Eradicating H. Pylori',
The Lancet
, 1993, Vol. 2, p. 568.

15
.
Bruce E. Dunne, ‘Pathogenic Mechanisms in H. Pylori Infection',
Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
, 1993, Vol. 22, pp. 43–59. See also G. N. J. Tytgat
et al.
, ‘H.Pylori Infection and Duodenal Ulcer Disease',
Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
, 1993, Vol. 22, pp. 127–41.

16
.
J. V. Joossens, ‘Diet and the Environment in the Etiology of Gastric Cancers',
Frontiers of Gastrointestinal Cancer
, ed. R. H. Riddle (New York: Elsevier, 1984), pp. 167–283.

17
.
David Forman and Richard Doll, ‘Nitrates and Nitrites in Gastric Cancer in Great Britain',
Nature
, 1985, Vol. 313, pp. 620–5.

PART I: THE RISE

Christopher C. Booth, ‘Clinical Research',
Historical Perspectives on the Role of the MRC
, ed. J. Austoker and L. Bryder (Oxford: OUP, 1989).

Irving Ladimer (ed.),
Clinical Investigation in Medicine: Legal, Ethical and Moral Aspects
(Oxford: OUP, 1960).

1
.
Christopher C. Booth, ‘Medical Science and Technology at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School: The First Fifty Years',
BMJ
, 1985, Vol. 291, pp. 1771–9.

2
.
E. G. L. Bywaters, ‘Crush Injuries With Impairment of Renal Function',
BMJ
, 22 March 1941, pp. 427–35.

3
.
J. H. Dible, John McMichael and S. P. V. Sherlock, ‘Pathology of Acute Hepatitis: Aspiration Biopsy Studies of Epidemic, Arsenotherapy and Serum Jaundice',
The Lancet
, 1943, Vol. 2, pp. 402–8.

4
.
Henry Barcroft and John McMichael, ‘Post-haemorrhagic Fainting: Study by Cardiac Output and Forearm Flow',
The Lancet
, 1944, Vol. 1, pp. 489–90.

5
.
Sir Thomas Horder,
Munk's Roll
(Royal College of Physicians, 1968).

6
.
Mervyn Horder,
The Little Genius: A Memoir of the First Lord Horder
(Duckworth, 1966).

7
.
Paul White,
My Life in Medicine: An Autobiographical Memoir
(Boston, MA: Gambit, 1971), quoted in Arthur Hollman,
Sir Thomas Lewis
(Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1996).

8
.
Arthur Hollman, ‘Sir Thomas Lewis: Clinical Scientist and Cardiologist, 1881–1945',
Journal of Medical Biography
, 1994, Vol. 2, pp. 63–70.

9
.
Christopher C. Booth, ‘Clinical Research',
Historical Perspectives on the Role of the MRC
, ed. J. Austoker and L. Bryder.

10
.
Renée C. Fox and Judith P. Swazey,
The Courage to Fail: A Social View of Organ Transplants and Dialysis
(Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1978).

11
.
See Note 1.

12
.
M. H. Pappworth,
Human Guinea Pigs
(Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967).

13
.
M. H. Pappworth,
A Primer of Medicine
(Butterworth, 1963).

14
.
W. H. Ogilvie, ‘Whither Medicine?',
The Lancet
, 1952, Vol. 2, p. 820.

Karl H. Beyer,
The Discovery, Development and Delivery of New Drugs
(SP Medical & Scientific Books, 1978).

Frank H. Clarke,
How Modern Medicines Are Discovered
(Futura, 1973).

R. D. Mann,
A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Medicine
(Carnforth: Parthenon, 1993).

M. J. Parnham and J. Bruinvels,
Discoveries in Pharmacology, Vols 1–3
(New York: Elsevier, 1986).

David Schwartzman,
Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976).

Walter Sneader,
Drug Discovery
(Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1985).

——,
Drug Prototypes and Their Exploitation
(Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1996).

M. Weatherall,
In Search of a Cure
(Oxford: OUP, 1990).

1
.
Paul E. Beeson, ‘Changes in Medical Therapy During the Past Half-century',
Medicine
, 1980, Vol. 59, pp. 79–99.

2
.
William Paton, ‘The Evolution of Therapeutics: Osler's Therapeutic Nihilism and the Changing Pharmacopoeia',
Journal of the Royal College of Physicians
, 1979, Vol. 13, pp. 74ff.

3
.
Gerhard Domagk, ‘Ein Beitrag zur Chemotherapie der bakteriellen infektionen',
Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift
, 1936, Vol. 61, pp. 250–3.

4
.
J. Trefouel
et al.
,
Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie
, 1937, Vol. 120, pp. 756–8.

5
.
L. Colebrook
et al.
, ‘Treatment of Human Puerperal Infections With Prontosil',
The Lancet
, 1936, Vol. 2, pp. 1279–85. See also Irvine Loudon, ‘Puerperal Fever, the Streptococcus and the Sulphonomides, 1911–45',
BMJ
, 1987, Vol. 295, pp. 485–91.

6
.
L. B. Garrod, ‘The Eclipse of the Haemolytic Streptococcus',
BMJ
, 16 June 1979, pp. 1607–8. See also Floyd W. Denny, ‘A 45-Year Perspective on Streptococcus and Rheumatic Fever',
Clinical Infectious Diseases
, 1994, Vol. 19, pp. 110–22. For an account of someone dying from rheumatic fever, see Burton Korelitz, ‘A Harvard Medical Student Chronicles Its Fatal Illness',
Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine
, 1995, Vol. 62, pp. 226–34.

7
.
D. D. Woods, ‘The Relation of PABA to the Mechanism of Action of Sulphanilamide',
British Journal of Experimental Pathology
, 1940, Vol. 21, pp. 74–90. See also D. D. Woods, ‘The Biochemical Mode of Action of the Sulphonamide Drugs',
Journal of General Microbiology
, 1962, Vol. 29, pp. 687–702.

8
.
Gertrude B. Elion, ‘The Purine Path to Chemotherapy',
Science
, 7 April 1989, pp. 41–7. See also George H. Hitchings, ‘Chemotherapy and Comparative Biochemistry',
Cancer Research
, 1969, Vol. 29, pp. 1895–903; D. W. Woolley, ‘The Antimetabolite Revolution in Pharmacology',
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
, 1959, pp. 556–69.

9
.
R. O. Roblin and J. W. Clapp,
Journal of the American Chemistry Society
, 1950, Vol. 72, p. 4890.

10
.
Carl H. Beyer, ‘Discoveries of Thiazides: Where Biology and Chemistry Meet',
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
, Spring 1977, pp. 410–19.