The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine (73 page)

33
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Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group, ‘Randomised Trial and Cholesterol Lowering in 4444 Patients with Chronic Heart Disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)',
The Lancet
, 1994, Vol. 344, pp. 1383–9. See also Uffe Ravnskov,
The Cholesterol Myths
(Washington, DC: New Trend Publishing, 2002).

34
.
Jack Scannell, Alex Blanckley, Jeremy Redenius and Lisa Clive, ‘The Long View: Pharma R&D Productivity – When the Cures Fail, it Makes Sense to Check the Diagnosis',
Bernstein Research
,30 September 2010.

35
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Mark Matthieu (ed.),
Parexel's Bio/Pharmaceutical R&D Statistical Source Book, 2009/2010
(Paraxel International Corporation, 2009).

36
.
Jack Scannell
et al
., ‘The Long View',
Bernstein Research
, 30 September 2010.

37
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Steven Paul, Daniel Mytelka, Christopher Dunwiddie
et al
., ‘How to Improve R&D Productivity: The Pharmaceutical Industry's Grand Challenge',
Nature Reviews: Drug Discovery
, 2010, Vol. 9, pp. 203–14.

38
.
Pat Price, Karol Sikora and Tim Illidge,
Treatment of Cancer
, (5th edn), (Hodder Arnold, 2009).

39
.
Vincent deVita and Edward Chu, ‘A History of Cancer Chemotherapy',
Cancer Research
, 2008, Vol. 68, pp. 8643–53.

40
.
Martine Piccart-Gebhart, Marion Procter, Brian Layland-Jones
et al
., ‘Trastuzumab after Adjuvant Chemotherapy in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer',
NEJM
, 2005, Vol. 353, pp. 1659–72. See also Harold Burstein, ‘The Distinctive Nature of HER2-Positive Breast Cancers',
NEJM
, 2005, Vol 353, pp1652–4.

41
.
David Howard, John Kauh, Joseph Lipscomb, ‘The Value of New Chemotherapeutic Agents for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer',
Archives of Internal Medicine
, 2010, Vol. 170, pp. 537–42.

42
.
Deborah Schrag, ‘The Price Tag on Progress – Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer',
NEJM
, 2004, Vol. 351, pp. 317–20.

43
.
Silvio Garattini and Vittorio Bertele, ‘Efficacy, Safety and Cost of New Anti Cancer Drugs',
BMJ
, 2002, Vol. 325, pp. 269–71.

44
.
Karol Sikora, personal communication.

45
.
Catherine Arnst, ‘Soaring Cancer Drug Costs May Cripple Medicare',
Bloomberg Businessweek
, 27 January 2009.

1
.
B. G. Charlton and P. Andras, ‘Medical Research Funding May Have Overexpanded and Be Due for Collapse',
QJM
, 2005, Vol. 98, pp. 53–5.

2
.
Jonathan Rees, ‘Complex Disease and the New Clinical Sciences',
Science
, 2002, Vol. 296, pp. 698–700.

3
.
Jeffrey Bennetzen, ‘Biology and the Beasts: Individual Investigator-driven Research in the Mega Projects Era',
Trends in Genetics
, 2008, Vol. 25, pp. 57–61.

4
.
Morton Meyers,
Happy Accidents: Serendipity in Modern Medical Breakthroughs
(New York: RK Publishing, 2007).

5
.
Marcia Angell, ‘Big Pharma, Bad Medicine',
http://bostonreview.net/br35.3/angell.php
.

APPENDICES

1
.
George Kersley,
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
, 1990, Vol. 49, p. 734. See also George Kersley and John Glyn,
A Concise International History of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation
(Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1991); Geoffrey Storey,
A History of Physical Medicine
(Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1992).

2
.
H. M. Rose
et al.
, ‘Agglutination of Normal and Sensitised Sheep Erythrocytes by Sera of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis',
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
, 1948, Vol. 68, p. 1. See also M. M. Hargraves
et al.
, ‘The Tart Cell and LE Cell',
PSMMC
, 1948, Vol. 23, p. 25.

3
.
E. G. L. Bywaters, ‘The History of Paediatric Rheumatology',
Arthritis and Rheumatism
, 1977, Vol. 20, No. 2, p. 145. See also R.C. Lancefield, ‘Haemolytic Streptococcus',
Harvey Lectures, 1940–41
, Vol. 36, p. 251.

4
.
ERC, ‘Trial of Gold in Rheumatoid Arthritis',
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
, 1960, Vol. 9, p. 95. See also J. Forestier, ‘Gold Treatment in Rheumatoid Arthritis',
Revue du Rhumatisme et des maladies osteo-articulaires
, 1935, Vol. 2, p. 472.

5
.
Derek Freeland
et al.
, ‘Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis With Phenylbutazone',
The Lancet
, 1953, Vol. 1, p. 1227. See also Walter Sneader,
Drug Discovery: The Evolution of Modern Medicines
(Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1985).

6
.
J. S. Nixon,
Ibuprofen: Chronicles of Drug Discovery
(Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1982).

7
.
Francis Page, ‘Treatment of Lupus Erythematosus With Mepacrine',
The Lancet
, 1951, Vol. 2, pp. 755–8.

8
.
A. L. Scherbel
et al.
, ‘Comparison of Effects of Two Antimalarial Agents in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis',
Cleveland Clinic Quarterly
, 1957, Vol. 24, p. 98.

9
.
I. A. Jaffe,
AJM
, 1963, Vol. 75, p. 63.

10
.
W. Dameshek, ‘The Use of Folic Acid Antagonists in the Treatment of Acute Leukaemia',
Blood
, 1949, Vol. 4, p. 167. See also W. F. Edmundson and W. B. Guy, ‘Treatment of Psoriasis With Folic Acid Antagonists',
Archives of Dermatology
, 1938, Vol. 78, p. 200; W. M. O'Brien
et al.
, ‘Clinical Trial of Methotrexate in Psoriatic and Rheumatoid Arthritis',
Arthritis and Rheumatism
, 1962, Vol. 5, p. 312.

11
.
R. W. Rundles, ‘Allopurinol in the Treatment of Gout',
Annals of Internal Medicine
, 1966, Vol. 64, pp. 229–58.

1
.
Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker,
Annales Medico-Psychologiques
, 1952, Vol. 110, pp. 267–73.

2
.
Hans J. Eysenck, ‘The Effects of Psychotherapy: An Evaluation',
Journal of Consulting Psychology
, 1952, Vol. 16, pp. 319–24.

3
.
Edward Shorter,
A History of Psychiatry
(Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1997).

4
.
John Cade, ‘Lithium Salt in the Treatment of Psychotic Excitement',
Medical Journal of Australia
, 3 September 1949, pp. 349–51.

5
.
John Cade, ‘The Story of Lithium',
Discoveries in Biological Psychiatry
, ed. F. Ayd (Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 1970). See also F. Neil Johnson,
The History of Lithium Therapy
(Macmillan, 1984).

6
.
D. Rice, personal communication, in F. Neil Johnson,
The History of Lithium Therapy
(Macmillan, 1984).

7
.
A. C. Corcoran
et al.
, ‘Lithium Poisoning from the Use of Salt Substitutes',
JAMA
, 1949, Vol. 139, pp. 685–8.

8
.
Mogens Schou, ‘Lithium: Personal Reminiscences',
Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa
, 1989, Vol. 14, pp. 260–2.

9
.
Roland Kuhn,
Schweizerisch Medizinisch Wochenschrift
, 1957, Vol. 87, pp. 1135–40.

10
.
A. Todrick, ‘Imipramine and 5HT Reuptake Inhibition: A Narrative',
Journal of Psychopharmacology
, 1991, Vol. 5, pp. 263–7.

11
.
Brian B. Molloy, ‘The Discovery of Fluoxetine',
Pharmaceutical News
, 1994, Vol. 1, pp. 6–10.

12
.
Merton Sandler, ‘Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Depression: History and Mythology',
Journal of Psychopharmacology
, 1990, Vol. 4, pp. 136–9. See also G. E. Crane, ‘Psychiatric Side Effects of Iproniazid',
American Journal of Psychiatry
, 1956, Vol. 112, pp. 494–501; H. P. Loomer, J. C. Saunders and N. S. Klein, ‘A Clinical and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Iproniazid as a Psychic Energiser: Psychiatric Research Report No. 8',
American Psychiatric Association
, 1958, pp. 129–41.

13
.
C. P. J. Tyrer, ‘Benzodiazepines on Trial',
BMJ
, 1984, Vol. 288, pp. 1101–2. See also F. Kraupel Taylor, ‘The Damnation of Benzodiazepines',
British Journal of Psychiatry
, 1989, Vol. 154, pp. 697–704.

14
.
L. H. Sternbach, ‘The Benzodiazepine Story',
Progress in Drug Research
, 1978, Vol. 22, pp. 229–66.

15
.
H. Mohler and T. Okada, ‘Benzodiazepine Receptor: Demonstration in the Central Nervous System',
Science
, 1977, Vol. 198, pp. 849–51.

16
.
Edward Shorter,
A History of Psychiatry
(Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1997).

17
.
Hans J. Eysenck,
The Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire
(Penguin, 1985). See also Richard Webster,
Why Freud Was Wrong
(HarperCollins, 1996).

18
.
Aaron T. Beck,
Cognitive Therapy and Emotional Disorders
(Penguin, 1989). See also Gavin Andrews, ‘Talk That Works: The Rise of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy',
BMJ
, 1996, Vol. 313, pp. 1501–2.

abdominal surgery
448

acetazolamide
243

actinomycetes
50

actinomycin C
166–7

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)
157
,
158
,
159–60
,
174

see also
leukaemia

acyclovir
242

ADA deficiency
340

Adams, Henry
418

Addison's disease
31

adrenal hormones
31
,
32

affluence
355
,
402–3

ageing

biomedicalisation of
440–1

cancer
383
,
384
,
387
,
397

degenerative diseases
120
,
419
,
425–6
,
440

population increase
6
,
440

solid tumours
176

surgery
450–3

AIDS
56–7
,
413

alcohol consumption
401–2

Alexander, Albert
14–15
,
21

Alexander, Franz
206

Alexander, Stewart
162

allopurinol
242
,
502

alternative medicine
6
,
424–5

American Heart Association (AHA)
366
,
369

Ames, Bruce
392–3

amino acids
315

aminopterin
166

anaesthetics
92–3

Anderson, French
341–2

Angell, Marcia
466
,
471–2
,
473

angina
153
,
284

anti-cancer drugs
486–9

combining drugs
169
,
170–1
,
173–4

development
162–9

evaluation
168–9

genetic engineering
332

leukaemia
157–8
,
159
,
166
,
169
,
171
,
173
,
242

rheumatology
502

solid tumours
177

treatment problem
161

anti-inflammatory proteins
269

antibiotics

anti-cancer
166–7

chemistry
22

discovery
13
,
21
,
23
,
49

nature of
264–5

penicillin
13–21

rheumatic disorders
498–9

role of
219–20

streptomycin
24
,
25

and sulphonamides
242

anticoagulants
370

antidepressants
475–80
,
504
,
507–9

anxiety
404
,
510

Appleton, William
477