The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (113 page)

44
R. Smith, ‘Britain’s African Colonies &c.’,
JICH,
14, 73–4.

45
Ibid.,
78, 81–2.

46
Djan, ‘Drums and Victory &c.’,
Journal of the Royal African Society,
41, 31.

47
PRO, CO 874/1097, 67.

48
Ageron, ‘Les Populations du Maghreb &c.’,
Revue de l’Histoire de la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale,
114, 31.

49
Perry, 227; PRO, CO 537/1879, 31, 35.

50
PRO, CO 968/3/15, 5.

51
Ibid.,
28.

52
Ibid.,
8.

53
Ibid.,
89, 99.

54
Ibid.,
89.

55
Ibid.,
5, 50.

56
Pickersgill, 238.

57
Hall, Wagley and Scott, 455.

58
Summerfield, ‘Education and Politics &c.’,
International Review of Social History,
26, 144.

59
PRO, WO 32/15772, 74A.

60
Hansard,
5th Series, 395, 1903.

61
PRO, WO 208/761A (Fortnightly Security Review, 12 October 1945).

62
Ibid.

63
Hanley, ‘Resettling the East African’,
Army Quarterly,
52, i, 125–8.

64
Hanley, ‘Bantu in Burma’,
Spectator,
19 January 1945.

12: The Defence of Archaic Privilege: The Empire Restored, 1942–5

1
Hansard,
5th Series, 430, 337.

2
Thorne, 209, 592–3.

3
Ibid.,
593.

4
PRO, CO 968/10/3, 1, 5, 12.

5
Acheson, 133–4; Thorne, 593–4.

6
W.R. Louis,
Imperialism at Bay,
126.

7
R. Smith, ‘Britain’s African Colonies &c.’,
JICH,
14, 74, 76.

8
W.R. Louis,
Imperialism at Bay,
13.

9
Orwell, 58–9.

10
Thorne, 97.

11
Macmillan, 325.

12
Cunard, ‘On Colour Bar’,
Life and Letters,
32, 172.

13
Hansard,
5th Series, 430, 430, 364.

14
Thorne, 238.

15
Ibid.,
149.

16
Times,
10 January 1945.

17
The Old War and New Society,
21.

18
W.R. Louis,
Imperialism at Bay,
14.

19
The British Way and Purpose,
461.

20
Summerfield, ‘Education and Politics &c.’,
International Review of Social History,
26, 137.

21
The British Way and Purpose,
495.

22
Moran, 124.

23
Ziegler,
Mountbatten,
169–70, 221.

24
Thorne, 450.

25
Ibid.,
337.

26
Ziegler,
Mountbatten,
303–4.

27
World Affairs,
June 1946, 22–4.

28
PRO, WO 203/4460, 8 January 1946.

Part Five: The Setting Sun, 1945–93

1: The Colonialists are on the Rampage: The Empire in the Post-war World

1
Macmillan, 721; Cameron Watt, ‘Britain, the United States &c.’, in ed. Ovendale,
The Foreign Policy of the British Labour Governments &c.,
50–53; Leffler, 47.

2
Leffler, 61, 92, 183, 236.

3
James,
Imperial Rearguard,
135.

4
Orwell, 397.

5
Nkrumah, 57–8.

6
Hansard,
5th Series, 395, 1907.

7
PRO, CO 1015/463, Report, November 1951.

8
Fieldhouse, ‘The Labour Government and the Empire Commonwealth’, in ed. Ovendale,
op. cit.,
98.

9
Shuckburgh, 32.

10
PRO, CO 537/1288, 18.

11
Hennessey, 262–3.

12
Ibid.,
267–9.

13
E.g. Carton de Wiart, 173; Wavell, 130–31; Cadogan, 776.

14
Acheson, 270–71.

15
Leffler, 238.

16
Hennessey, 271–2.

17
Jayal, ‘Towards the Baghdad Pact &c.’,
Int.HR,
9, 416.

18
PRO, CO 537/5324, 2, 25.

19
P. Edwards, ‘The Australian Commitment &c.’,
HS,
22, 610.

20
Devereaux, ‘Britain and the Commonwealth &c.’,
JICH,
24, 340–41; PRO, Air 8/1459, 2–3, 7–8, 28–30.

21
Devereaux, ‘Britain and the Commonwealth &c.’,
JICH,
24, 338.

22
PRO, WO 216/724.

23
Devereaux, ‘Britain and the Commonwealth &c.’,
JICH,
24, 341.

24
PRO, WO 216/799; Adm 1/27285.

25
Dooley, ‘Great Britain’s Last Battle &c.’,
Int. HR,
11, 493.

26
Listener,
26 January 1950.

27
PRO, CO 537/5120.

28
PRO, CO 537/3333, 12.

29
PRO, CO 537/5120.

30
PRO, CO 822/461, 31, 68.

31
PRO, CO 537/5120.

32
Furedi, ‘Creating a Breathing Space &c.’,
JICH,
21, 93, 98–9.

33
PRO, CO 822/461, 29.

34
Castle, 259.

35
PRO, CO 537/7618, 1, 2, 5.

36
PRO, CO 822/461, 29, 94.

37
Ibid.,
90; CO 1015/463, Report, February 1953.

38
PRO, CO 537/7542, 1, 7.

39
Ibid.,
4.

40
Listener,
6 July 1950.

41
Fieldhouse, ‘The Labour Government and the Empire Commonwealth’, in ed. Ovendale,
The Foreign Policy of the British Labour Governments &c.,
110–13.

42
PRO, CO 1037/80.

43
Furedi, ‘Creating a Breathing Space &c.’,
JICH,
21, 98.

44
Furse, 306.

45
Country Life,
12 August 1949.

46
J.P. Barker, ‘The Karamojo District &c.’,
JAH,
3, 123–4.

47
NAM, Stockwell Papers, 1, 6–26.

48
IWM, Lydford Papers, Box 6.

49
Ibid.,
Box 7.

50
PRO, CO 587/7417, 45–6; CO 537/2449, 50; CO 537/2450, 24, 32, 42.

51
Time,
7 December 1949.

2: Friendly Relations: India and the Liquidation of Empire, 1945–7

1
PRO, CO 1027/317, 27.

2
Nicolson, 24.

3
Thorne, 611.

4
Ibid.,
684–5; Ziegler,
Mountbatten,
323.

5
Moore, 223.

6
Wavell, 437, 439.

7
Constitutional Relations,
6, 273.

8
Gandhi, 72, 378.

9
Ibid.,
438–9.

10
PRO, WO 32/15772, 74A.

11
Ibid.,
104A.

12
Hansard,
5th Series, 430, 1581–2.

13
PRO, WO 208/761A.

14
I owe these details to John Hailwood.

15
PRO, 208/761A (Intelligence Summary 25 March 1946).

16
Ibid.,
(Situation Report 8 March 1946).

17
Ibid.,
(Intelligence Summary December 1945).

18
Ibid.,
telegram GHQ to cabinet, 3 April 1946.

19
Ibid.,
(Intelligence Summary December 1945).

20
Ibid.,
(Intelligence Report 25 March 1946).

21
Constitutional Relations,
6, 1233.

22
Ibid.,
7, 926.

23
Ibid.,
8, 75.

24
Times,
11 July 1947.

25
Hamid, 172.

26
Ibid.,
179.

27
Henniker, ‘Early Days of Pakistan’,
RUSI,
93, 117.

28
Hamid, 158–9.

29
Ziegler,
Mountbatten,
418–19, 422.

30
Times,
25 August 1947.

31
Henniker, ‘Early Days of Pakistan’,
RUSI,
93, 118.

32
Ziegler,
Mountbatten,
432–3; Hamid, 297.

33
Ibid.,
435.

34
Ibid.,
297.

35
W. Platt, ‘East African Forces &c.’,
RUSI,
93, 410.

36
Observer,
8 July 1956.

37
Ibid.,
24 June 1956.

38
Daily Telegraph,
11 November 1961.

39
Daily Telegraph,
10 July 1956.

40
New Statesman,
30 June 1956.

3: The World as It Is: Middle Eastern Misadventures, 1945–56

1
Clark and Wheeler, 116, 120; Leffler, 77, 113, 225.

2
Leffler, 238, 286.

3
Leffler, 238.

4
Clark and Wheeler, 124.

5
Hennessey, 262.

6
Clark and Wheeler, 153.

7
Navias,
Nuclear Weapons &c.,
41–3.

8
PRO, Adm 1/26927.

9
Constitutional Relations,
9, 432.

10
W.R. Louis,
The British Empire and the Middle East,
13.

11
Time,
7, and 21 January 1952.

12
McGhee, 342.

13
Economist,
30 June 1951.

14
Ibid.,
23 June 1951.

15
PRO, Adm 1/27285.

16
Hansard,
5th Series, 491, 978.

17
Ibid.,
1020.

18
Ibid.,
1178.

19
Brands, ‘The Cairo-Teheran Connection &c.’,
IHR,
11, 440–1.

20
Spectator,
5 October 1951.

21
Shuckburgh, 27.

22
McGhee, 339.

23
Nixon, 134.

24
Leffler, 124–5, 239, 288–9.

25
McGhee, 270.

26
Lawson, ‘The Iranian Crisis &c.’,
IJMES,
21, 309–10.

27
Khomeini, 214.

28
Shuckburgh, 105.

29
W.R. Louis,
The British Empire and the Middle East,
586.

30
McGhee, 371.

31
Leffler, 477.

32
Shuckburgh, 29.

33
PRO, WO 216/799.

34
Mason, ‘The Decisive Volley &c.’,
JICH,
19, 50.

35
Heikal, 29–30.

36
Leffler, 484–5; Brands, ‘The Cairo-Teheran Connection &c.’,
IJMES,
21, 446.

4: Kick Their Backsides: The Suez War and Beyond

1
Navias,
Nuclear Weapons and British Strategic Planning,
42–3, 46.

2
Shuckburgh, 318–19, 329.

3
Horne,
Macmillan 1894–1956,
395.

4
Shuckburgh, 327, 341.

5
Ibid.,
344.

6
Dooley, ‘Great Britain’s Last Battle &c.’,
Int.HR,
11, 490–91.

7
Ibid.,
491;
Times,
1 January 1987.

8
Heikal, 187, 191.

9
Cohen, ‘A Still Stranger Aspect &c.’,
Int.HR,
10,
passim.

10
See page 271.

11
Wright,
Spycatcher,
84–5.

12
Heikal, 154n., 215n.

13
Ibid.,
153 note 3.

14
Pearson, 19–20.

15
Shuckburgh, 163.

16
Shaffy, ‘Unconcerned at Dawn &c.’,
Intelligence and National Security,
5, 10–11, 49.

17
Ibid.,
30.

18
Dooley, ‘Great Britain’s Last Battle &c.’,
Int.HR,
11, 493.

19
Daily Telegraph,
6 November 1956.

20
New Statesman,
15 December 1956.

21
Hansard,
5th Series, 559, 1631.

22
Horne,
Macmillan, 1894–1956,
393.

23
Hansard,
5th Series, 559, 1618.

24
Ibid.,
1626;
New Statesman,
17 November 1956.

25
Dooley, ‘Great Britain’s Last Battle &c.’,
Int.HR,
11, 504–6.

26
PRO, Adm 1/26826.

27
Cohen, ‘A Still Stranger Aspect &c.’,
Int.HR,
10, 261.

28
S. Lloyd,
Suez,
170–94.

29
Shaffy, ‘Unconcerned at Dawn &c.’,
Intelligence and National Security,
5, 41, 56.

30
Time,
17 November, 1956.

31
Spectator,
9 November 1956.

32
Observer,
4 and 11 November 1956.

33
PRO, CO 1015/202, 1.

5: The Old Red, White, and Blue: Reactions to a Dying Empire

1
Sunday Times Magazine,
24 February 1963.

2
Nixon, 134.

3
PRO, CO 1027/317, 40, 43.