The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (117 page)

Marvel

Mary, Queen, consort of George V

Mary II, Queen

Maryland

Mashonaland

Massachusetts

Massachusetts Bay Company

Massey, Raymond

Matabele Wars

Mather, Cotton

Mau Mau

Maude, Angus

Mauritius

Mause, Captain William

Maxwell, C.V.

Maxwell, General Sir John

Mazzini, Giuseppe

Mboya, Tom

MCC (Marylebone Cricket Club)

Meath, Reginald Brabazon, Earl of

Mediterranean: Royal Navy forced to withdraw from; War of the Spanish Succession; Napoleonic Wars; strategic importance; naval bases; naval weakness in; Abyssinian crisis; Second World War

Meerut

Meinertzhagen, Colonel Richard

Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia

Menon, Krishna

Menzies, Robert

mercantilism

Mers-el-Kébir

Mesopotamia;
see also
Iraq

Methodist Church

MI5

MI6

Michael, Lewis

Middle East: nationalism; First World War; British policy; British mandate; oil; Second World War; post-war defences; post-war policies;
see also individual countries

Mill, John Stuart

Milne, Field-Marshal Lord

Milner, Major James

Milner, Viscount: on Rhodes; Boer War; in Egypt; imperialism; and tariff reform; and Chinese indentured labourers; kindergarten; First World War; and Ireland

Milton, John

Ministry of Information

Minorca

Minto, Earl of

Mir Jafir

Mirza Ali Khan, Faqir of Ipi

Misr al-Fatah (Young Egypt)

missionaries; West Indies; Pacific Islands; in Africa

Mississippi River

Miwok Indians

Moçambique

Moctezuma, Emperor

Modyford, Sir Thomas

Mohammed Reza Pahlevi, Shah of Iran

Mollet, Guy

Mollinson, Mrs J.A.

Molucca Islands

Monckton, Sir Walter

Monckton Commission

Monmouth, Duke of

Monroe Doctrine

Montagu, Edwin

Montauban, General de

Montcalm, Louis-Joseph, Marquis de

Montford Brown, Colonel

Montgomery, Field-Marshal

Montgomery, General Richard

Montreal

Montrose, Duke of

Montserrat

Moran, Lord

Morant Bay insurrection (1865)

More, Kenneth

Morgan, Edward

Morning Post

Morocco

Morris, William

Morrison, Herbert

Mosul

Mountbatten, Lady

Mountbatten, Lord Louis; in charge of SEAC; in India; and Burmese independence; and Indian independence

Moyes, Private

Mugabe, Robert

Muhammad Ali, Khedive of Egypt

Muhammad Ali Khan

Mun, Thomas

Munich agreement (1938)

Musketeeer, Operation

Muslim Brotherhood

Muslim League

Muslims: in India; in West Africa; jihad against Britain, France and Russia; clashes with Hindus; creation of Pakistan; and Indian independence

Mussadiq, Dr Mohammed

Mussolini, Benito; occupation of Libya; appeal in Middle East; appeasement of; Abyssinian crisis; invades Albania; Second World War; Nasser compared to

Muzorewa, Bishop Abel

Mysore

Nagasaki

Nagpur

Naguib, General Mohammed

al-Nahas, Mustafa

Namibia
see
South West Africa

Nana Sahib

Nanking, Treaty of (1842)

Napier, General Sir Charles

Napier, Lord

Napoleon I, Emperor

Napoleon III, Emperor

Napoleonic Wars

Nasr-ud-Din, Shah of Persia

Nasser, Gamel Abdul: Egyptian nationalism; July Revolution; opposes Baghdad Pact; assassination plots; Suez war

Natal

national debt

National Geographic Magazine

National Review

National Service Act (1947)

National Service League

nationalism: Indian; Irish; Egyptian; Middle East

Native Americans

NATO

Nautical Almanac

Naval Defence Act (1889)

Navigation Acts

Naziism

Ndebele tribe

Negri Sembilan

negroes
see
blacks

Nehru, Jawaharlal

Nelson, Lord

Nepal

Netherlands: spice trade; Anglo-Dutch Wars; North American interests; Napoleonic Wars; Second World War

Neufeld, Karl

Nevis

New Britain

New England

New France

New Guinea

New Guinea Colonial Company

New Hebrides

‘new imperialism’

New South Wales

New Statesman

New York

New Zealand; trade with Britain; Maori wars; independence movement; emigration to; and the Boer War; emotional kinship with Britain; defences; First World War; race relations; and defence of Singapore; Second World War; Lend Lease; and the Cold War

New Zealand Company

Newall, Sir Cyril

Newbolt, Sir Henry

Newcastle, Duke of

Newfoundland

News of the World

newspapers

newsreels

Nicaragua

Nicholas II, Czar

Nicolson, Harold

Nigeria; Royal African Company trading station; Royal Niger Company; inhospitable conditions; palm oil trade; indirect rule of; First World War; ‘backwardness’; Communism; independence; civil war

Nightingale, Florence

Nile, River

Nine Years War

The Nineteenth Century and After

Ningpo

Niobe

Nixon, Richard

Nkomo, Joshua

Nkrumah, Kwame

Nkumbula, Harry

‘noble savage’

Nonconformism

Norfolk Island

North, Lord

North Africa

North America: establishment of colonies in; transatlantic trade; defence of colonies; immigration; wars with French in; conflicts between Britain and France in; expansion of settlements; independence movement; and the Stamp Act; War of Independence;
see also
Canada; United States of America

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

North Borneo;
see also
Borneo

North Borneo Company

The North Briton

North Sea

North-West Frontier

North-West Passage

Northcliffe, Lord

Northern Rhodesia;
see also
Zambia

Norway

Nott, John

Nova Scotia

Nuba Mountains

nuclear weapons

Nyasa, Lake

Nyasaland; First World War; Second World War; Central African Federation; state of emergency; Hastings Banda imprisoned; independence;
see also
Malawi

Observer

Ochterlony, Major-General Sir David

O’Dwyer, Sir Michael

Official Secrets Act (1912)

Ohio Company

Ohio valley

oil: Middle East; Iran

Olivier, Laurence

Oman

Omdurman, battle of (1898)

opium

Opium Wars

Orange Free State

Orangemen

Orme, Robert

Ormsby-Gore, William

Orwell, George

Osborne, John

Ottawa conference (1932)

Ottoman empire

Oude

Our Burma League

Outram, General Sir James

Oxenham, John

Pacific Ocean

pacifism

Padmore, George

Page, Sir Earle

Paget, Reginald

Pahang

Paisley

Pakistan

Palestine: British claim to; Communist infiltration; under British mandate; Arab Revolt; Zionism; Jewish immigration; Jewish revolt

Palestinians

palm oil

Palmer, Thomas

Palmerston, Lord

Pan American airlines

Panama City

Papua

Paramatta

Paris, Treaty of (1763)

Parkin, Dr G.R.

Parliamentary Reform Act (1832)

Pataudi, Nawab of

Pathans

patriotism; Napoleonic Wars; Disraeli and; jingoism; boys’ stories; in advertising; Boer War; ‘Cockney patriotism’; Primrose League; Empire Day; First World War; Falklands war

Patten, Chris

Patterson, Governor

Patteson, Bishop

Peake, Colonel Frederick

Pearl Harbor

Peebles, Captain John

Peel, Sir Robert

Peel, Viscount

Peel Commission

Peking

Pelham, Henry

Penang

Penn, Admiral Sir William

Pennsylvania

Pepys, Samuel

Perak

Perham, Margery

Perry, Admiral

Persia;
see also
Iran

Persian Gulf

Peru

Peshawar

Peterborough, Lord

Peters, Carl

Pethick-Lawrence, Lord

Philadelphia

philanthropists

Philippines

Phillip, Captain Arthur

Picture Post

Pine, Edward

Pinney, John

pirates

Pitcairn, Major John

Pitcairn Island

Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham; and defence of Hanover; attacks Newcastle’s ministry; background; Seven Years War; resignation; conquest of Canada; American War of Independence

Pitt, William the Younger

Plaatje, Solomon

Plantation Act (1673)

Plassey, battle of (1757)

Plato

plays

Pluck

Pocock, Admiral Sir George

Poland

Pollock, General Sir George

Polynesia

Pondicherry

Poor Law

Pope-Hennessey, Lieutenant Ladislaus

Popham, Admiral Sir Home

Port Arthur

Port Said

Port Wellesley

Porto Bello

Portugal

postage stamps

Potsdam conference (1945)

Potter, Dennis

Powell, Enoch

Powers, Gary

Pownall, General Sir Henry

Pravda

press gangs

Primrose League

Prince Edward Island

Private Eye

privateers

Profumo, John

Prompt, Victor

propaganda: Second World War; after Second World War; Communist

protectionism

‘The Protocols of the Elders of Zion’

Prussia;
see also
Germany

public opinion: 19th-century; First World War; changes after First World War; after Second World War;
see also
patriotism

public schools

Pudukota, Rajah of

Punch

Punjab

Purchas, Simon

Puritans

Qabus, Sultan of Oman

QANTAS

Qatar

Quakers

Quarterly Review

Quebec

Quebec Act (1774)

Queensland

Quiberon Bay, Battle of (1759)

‘Quit India’ campaign

al-Quwatli, Shukri

race riots

racism: Indian Mutiny and; during First World War; against Irish; towards Arabs; anti-semitism; in India; stereotypes; colour bar; sexual envy; in Second World War; in America; African

Radcliffe, Sir Cyril

Radicalism

radio

Radio Bari

Radio Cairo

Radio Tunis

Raffles, Sir Stamford

Rahman, Mrs M.A.

railways: Chinese Eastern Railway; Trans-Siberian Railway; Hankow-Peking Railway; Cape Colony; East Africa; plans for Cape to Cairo line; West Africa; Berlin-Constantinople-Baghdad railway

Raleigh, Sir Walter

Rangoon

Raven, Simon

Rawdon, Major Lord

Reagan, Ronald

rearmament, pre-Second World War

Red Sea

Rees, Major-General T.W.

Reform and Redistribution Acts

Reformatory and Industrial Schools Act (1891)

Reith, Sir John

Réunion

Revolutionary Settlement (1688–89)

Reza Pahlevi, Shah of Iran

Rhineland

Rhode Island

Rhodes, Cecil; background; ambitions; annexation of Bechuanaland; incursion into Zambesia; Jameson Raid; and South African federation; plans Cape to Cairo railway; First World War

Rhodes Trust

Rhodesia;
see also
Southern Rhodesia

Rhodesia Front

Ridout, Lieutenant

Rio de Janeiro

Ripon, Lord

Roanoke Island

Roberts, Field Marshal Lord

Robertson, General James

Robertson, Sir James

Robeson, Paul

Robson, Flora

Rockingham, Marquess of

Rodeo, Operation

Rodney, Admiral Sir George

Roma, Spiridione

Romantic Movement

Rommel, General Irwin

Roosevelt, Franklin D.; on the British; and defence of Australia; anti-imperialism; Second World War; Atlantic Charter; friendship with Churchill; and Indo-China; Yalta conference

Roosevelt, Kermit

Rorke’s Drift, battle of (1879)

Rose, Colonel Hugh

Rose, John

Rosebery, Lord

Round Table

Rowlatt Acts

Rowntree, Seebohm

Rowse, A.L.

Royal African Company

Royal Air Force (RAF); ‘air control’ in Iraq and Jordan; Arab Revolt; enlargement of; rearmament; defence of Singapore; Second World War; Indian bases; nuclear programme

Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF)

Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF)

Royal Indian Navy (RIN)

Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC)

Royal Navy: and transatlantic trade; withdraws from Mediterranean; blockades French navy; living conditions; press gangs; Seven Years War; Napoleonic Wars; overseas bases; gunboat diplomacy; two-power standard; campaign against ‘blackbirding’; modernisation (1904); battle of Jutland; importance of Suez Canal; defence of Australia; Falklands war

Royal Niger Company

rugby

Rumania

Russia: Napoleonic Wars; 19th-century relations with Britain; threat to India; Crimean War; empire-building; naval rearmament; interest in China; war with Japan; Anglo-Russian Convention; expansionism; origins of First World War; and Turkey; Revolution;
see also
Soviet Union