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83.
Carlo Montemagno and George Bachand, “Constructing Nanomechanical Devices Powered by Biomolecular Motors,”
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10 (1999): 225–31; George D. Bachand and Carlo D. Montemagno, “Constructing Organic/Inorganic NEMS Devices Powered by Biomolecular Motors,”
Biomedical Microdevices
2.3 (June 2000): 179–84.

84.
N. Koumura et al., “Light-Driven Monodirectional Molecular Rotor,”
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401.6749 (September 9, 1999): 152–55.

85.
Berkeley Lab, “A Conveyor Belt for the Nano-Age,” April 28, 2004,
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.

86.
“Study: Self-Replicating Nanomachines Feasible,” June 2, 2004,
http://www.small times.com/document_display.cfm?section_id=53&document_id=8007
, reporting on Tihamer Toth-Fejel, “Modeling Kinematic Cellular Automata,” April 30, 2004,
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88.
Shiping Liao and Nadrian C. Seeman, “Translation of DNA Signals into Polymer Assembly Instructions,”
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90.
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91.
Helen Pearson, “Construction Bugs Find Tiny Work,”
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92.
Richard E. Smalley, “Nanofallacies: Of Chemistry, Love and Nanobots,”
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.

93
. See the bibliography of references in notes 108 and 109 below. See also Drexler,
Nanosystems
, for his proposal. For sample confirmations, see Xiao Yan Chang, Martin Perry, James Peploski, Donald L. Thompson, and Lionel M. Raff, “Theoretical Studies of Hydrogen-Abstraction Reactions from Diamond and Diamond-like Surfaces,”
Journal of Chemical Physics
99 (September 15, 1993): 4748–58. See also L. J. Lauhon and W. Ho, “Inducing and Observing the Abstraction of a Single Hydrogen Atom in Bimolecular Reaction with a Scanning Tunneling Microscope,”
Journal of Physical Chemistry
105 (2000): 3987–92; G. Allis and K. Eric Drexler, “Design and Analysis of a Molecular Tool for Carbon Transfer in Mechanosynthesis,”
Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience
2.1 (March–April 2005, in press).

94
. Lea Winerman, “How to Grab an Atom,”
Physical Review Focus
, May 2, 2003,
http://focus.aps.org/story/v11/st19
, reporting on Noriaki Oyabu, “Mechanical Vertical Manipulation of Selected Single Atoms by Soft Nanoindentation Using a Near Contact Atomic Force Microscope,”
Physical Review Letters
90.17 (May 2, 2003): 176102.

95
. Robert A. Freitas Jr., “Technical Bibliography for Research on Positional Mechanosynthesis,” Foresight Institute Web site, December 16, 2003,
http://foresight.org/stage2/mechsynthbib.html
.

96
. See equation and explanation on p. 3 of Ralph C. Merkle,“That’s Impossible! How Good Scientists Reach Bad Conclusions,”
http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/impossible.html
.

97
. “Thus ΔX
_C
is just ~5% of the typical atomic electron cloud diameter of ~0.3 nm, imposing only a modest additional constraint on the fabrication and stability of nanomechanical structures. (Even in most liquids at their boiling points, each molecule is free to move only ~0.07 nm from its average position.)” Robert A. Freitas Jr.,
Nanomedicine
, vol. 1,
Basic Capabilities
, section 2.1, “Is Molecular Manufacturing Possible?” (Georgetown, Tex.: Landes Bioscience, 1999), p. 39,
http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/2.1.htm#p9
.

98
. Robert A. Freitas Jr.,
Nanomedicine
, vol. 1,
Basic Capabilities
, section 6.3.4.5, “Chemoelectric Cells” (Georgetown, Tex.: Landes Bioscience, 1999), pp. 152–54,
http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/6.3.4.5.htm
.

99
. Montemagno and Bachand, “Constructing Nanomechanical Devices Powered by Biomolecular Motors.”

100
. Open letter from Foresight chairman K. Eric Drexler to Nobel laureate Richard Smalley,
http://www.foresight.org/NanoRev/Letter.html
, and reprinted here:
http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0560.html
. The full story can be found at Ray Kurzweil, “The Drexler-Smalley Debate on Molecular Assembly,”
http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0604.html
.

101
. K. Eric Drexler and Richard E. Smalley, “Nanotechnology: Drexler and Smalley
Make the Case for and Against ‘Molecular Assemblers,’”
Chemical & Engineering News
81.48 (Dec. 1, 2003): 37–42,
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.html
.

102
. A. Zaks and A. M. Klibanov, “Enzymatic Catalysis in Organic Media at 100 Degrees C,”
Science
224.4654 (June 15, 1984): 1249–51.

103
. Patrick Bailey, “Unraveling the Big Debate About Small Machines,”
BetterHumans
, August 16, 2004,
http://www.betterhumans.com/Features/Reports/report.aspx?articleID=2004-08-16-1
.

104
. Charles B. Musgrave et al., “Theoretical Studies of a Hydrogen Abstraction Tool for Nanotechnology,”
Nanotechnology
2 (October 1991): 187–95; Michael Page and Donald W. Brenner, “Hydrogen Abstraction from a Diamond Surface:
Ab initio
Quantum Chemical Study with Constrained Isobutane as a Model,”
Journal of the American Chemical Society
113.9 (1991): 3270–74; Xiao Yan Chang, Martin Perry, James Peploski, Donald L. Thompson, and Lionel M. Raff, “Theoretical Studies of Hydrogen-Abstraction Reactions from Diamond and Diamond-like Surfaces,”
Journal of Chemical Physics
99 (September 15, 1993): 4748–58; J. W. Lyding, K. Hess, G. C. Abeln, et al., “UHV-STM Nanofabrication and Hydrogen/Deuterium Desorption from Silicon Surfaces: Implications for CMOS Technology,”
Applied Surface Science
132 (1998): 221;
http://www.hersam-group.northwestern.edu/publications.html
; E. T. Foley et al., “Cryogenic UHV-STM Study of Hydrogen and Deuterium Desorption from Silicon(100),”
Physical Review Letters
80 (1998): 1336–39,
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v80/i6/p1336_1
; L. J. Lauhon and W. Ho, “Inducing and Observing the Abstraction of a Single Hydrogen Atom in Bimolecular Reaction with a Scanning Tunneling Microscope,”
Journal of Physical Chemistry
105 (2000): 3987–92.

105
. Stephen P. Walch and Ralph C. Merkle, “Theoretical Studies of Diamond Mechanosynthesis Reactions,”
Nanotechnology
9 (September 1998): 285–96; Fedor N. Dzegilenko, Deepak Srivastava, and Subhash Saini, “Simulations of Carbon Nano-tube Tip Assisted Mechano-Chemical Reactions on a Diamond Surface,”
Nano-technology
9 (December 1998): 325–30; Ralph C. Merkle and Robert A. Freitas Jr., “Theoretical Analysis of a Carbon-Carbon Dimer Placement Tool for Diamond Mechanosynthesis,”
Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
3 (August 2003): 319–24,
http://www.rfreitas.com/Nano/DimerTool.htm
; Jingping Peng, Robert A. Freitas Jr., and Ralph C. Merkle, “Theoretical Analysis of Diamond Mechano-Synthesis. Part I. Stability of C
₂
Mediated Growth of Nanocrystalline Diamond C(110) Surface,”
Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience
1 (March 2004): 62–70,
http://www.molecularassembler.com/JCTNPengMar04.pdf
; David J. Mann, Jingping Peng, Robert A. Freitas Jr., and Ralph C. Merkle, “Theoretical Analysis of Diamond MechanoSynthesis. Part II. C
₂
Mediated Growth of Diamond C(110) Surface via Si/Ge-Triadamantane Dimer Placement Tools,”
Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience
1 (March 2004), 71–80,
http://www.molecularassembler.com/JCTNMannMar04.pdf
.

106
. The analysis of the hydrogen abstraction tool and carbon deposition tools has involved many people, including: Donald W. Brenner, Tahir Cagin, Richard J. Colton, K. Eric Drexler, Fedor N. Dzegilenko, Robert A. Freitas Jr., William A. Goddard III, J. A. Harrison, Charles B. Musgrave, Ralph C. Merkle, Michael Page, Jason K. Perry, Subhash Saini, O. A. Shenderova, Susan B. Sinnott, Deepak Srivastava, Stephen P. Walch, and Carter T. White.

107
. Ralph C. Merkle, “A Proposed ‘Metabolism’ for a Hydrocarbon Assembler,”
Nano-technology
8 (December 1997): 149–62,
http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0957-4484/8/4/001
or
http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/hydroCarbonMetabolism.html
.

108
. A useful bibliography of references: Robert A. Freitas Jr., “Technical Bibliography for Research on Positional Mechanosynthesis,” Foresight Institute Web site, December 16, 2003,
http://foresight.org/stage2/mechsynthbib.html
; Wilson Ho and Hyojune Lee, “Single Bond Formation and Characterization with a Scanning Tunneling Microscope,”
Science
286.5445 (November 26, 1999): 1719–22,
http://www.physics.uci.edu/~wilsonho/stm-iets.html
; K. Eric Drexler,
Nanosystems
,
chapter 8
; Ralph Merkle, “Proposed ‘Metabolism’ for a Hydrocarbon Assembler”; Musgrave et al., “Theoretical Studies of a Hydrogen Abstraction Tool for Nano-technology”; Michael Page and Donald W. Brenner, “Hydrogen Abstraction from a Diamond Surface:
Ab initio
Quantum Chemical Study with Constrained Isobutane as a Model,”
Journal of the American Chemical Society
113.9 (1991): 3270–74; D. W. Brenner et al., “Simulated Engineering of Nanostructures,”
Nanotechnology
7 (September 1996): 161–67,
http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/nano4/brennerPaper.pdf
; S. P. Walch, W. A. Goddard III, and Ralph Merkle, “Theoretical Studies of Reactions on Diamond Surfaces,” Fifth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology, 1997,
http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Abstracts/Walcabst.html
; Stephen P. Walch and Ralph C. Merkle, “Theoretical Studies of Diamond Mechanosynthesis Reactions,”
Nanotechnology
9 (September 1998): 285–96; Fedor N. Dzegilenko, Deepak Srivastava, and Subhash Saini, “Simulations of Carbon Nanotube Tip Assisted Mechano-Chemical Reactions on a Diamond Surface,”
Nanotechnology
9 (December 1998): 325–30; J. W. Lyding et al., “UHVSTM Nanofabrication and Hydrogen/Deuterium Desorption from Silicon Surfaces: Implications for CMOS Technology,”
Applied Surface Science
132 (1998): 221,
http://www.hersam-group.northwestern.edu/publications.html
; E. T. Foley et al., “Cryogenic UHV-STM Study of Hydrogen and Deuterium Desorption from Silicon(100),”
Physical Review Letters
80 (1998): 1336–39,
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v80/i6/p1336_1
; M. C. Hersam, G. C. Abeln, and J. W. Lyding, “An Approach for Efficiently Locating and Electrically Contacting Nanostructures Fabricated via UHV-STM Lithography on Si(100),”
Microelectronic Engineering
47 (1999): 235–37; L. J. Lauhon and W. Ho, “Inducing and Observing the Abstraction of a Single Hydrogen Atom in Bimolecular Reaction with a Scanning Tunneling Microscope,”
Journal of Physical Chemistry
105 (2000): 3987–92,
http://www.physics.uci.edu/~wilsonho/stm-iets.html
.

109
. Eric Drexler, “Drexler Counters,” first published on KurzweilAI.net on November 1, 2003:
http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0606.html
. See also K. Eric Drexler,
Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation
(New York: Wiley Interscience, 1992),
chapter 8
; Ralph C. Merkle, “Foresight Debate with
Scientific American
” (1995),
http://www.foresight.org/SciAmDebate/SciAmResponse.html
; Wilson Ho and Hyojune Lee, “Single Bond Formation and Characterization with a Scanning Tunneling Microscope,”
Science
286. 5445 (November 26, 1999): 1719–22,
http://www.physics.uci.edu/~wilsonho/stm-iets.html
; K. Eric Drexler, David Forrest, Robert A. Freitas Jr., J. Storrs Hall, Neil Jacobstein, Tom McKendree, Ralph Merkle, and Christine Peterson, “On Physics, Fundamentals, and Nanorobots: A Rebuttal to Smalley’s Assertion that Self-Replicating Mechanical Nanorobots Are Simply Not Possible: A Debate About Assemblers” (2001),
http://www.imm.org/SciAmDebate2/smalley.html
.