The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (120 page)

Business Communication Company, 279

business cycles, 97

business models, 7, 103, 426

        intellectual property and, 339–340

        outdated, 96, 97

business-to-business (B2B) revenues, 103,
104

business-to-consumer (B2C) revenues, 103,
104

Busis, Neil A., 537
n

busy-beaver problems, 455–456, 601
n

Butler, Samuel, 96, 205, 549
n

Byrne, John H., 505
n

CA-125, 282

Cacares, M., 505
n

Cagin, Tahir, 563
n

calcium, 121, 162, 399

calculus, theorem of, 519
n

California, stem-cell research in, 471

California, University of, 113–114, 115, 138, 173, 174, 175, 505
n
–506
n
, 527
n

California Institute of Technology (Caltech), 194, 195, 240

Callaway, E., 541
n

Cambrian explosion,
17, 18, 20
, 38, 47, 441

cameras, 113, 162

Canada, gene therapy in, 216

cancer, 210, 212, 399, 544
n

        bioengineered treatments for, 217–218, 409

        blood-brain barrier and, 165

        DNA mutations and, 219

        drugs for, 212, 303, 304

        evolution used by, 511
n

        gene expression and, 214, 219, 422

        genetic profiling and, 215

        nanotechnology and, 233, 243, 255, 303, 306

        pattern recognition and, 282

        vaccines for, 217, 218

canonical milestones, 19,
20
, 502
n
–503
n

capital, investment, 96, 106, 339, 395, 524
n

capitalism, 394, 406

carbon, 230, 246, 251, 253

        in atomic-force microscope, 536
n

        biological life and, 16, 207, 210, 360, 361, 500
n

        in biomass, 399, 425, 595
n

        in biosphere, 33

        black holes and, 360, 361

        in Epoch One, 14–15

        in nanobots, 164, 238, 352, 399, 400

        in nanotubes, 27, 113, 114, 229, 230, 234–235, 238, 246, 250, 375, 527
n

        in synthesis of diamondoid material, 239–240, 563
n

        three-dimensional shapes and, 15, 85

        in Zeus, 350

carbon dioxide, 244, 249, 252, 306, 400

carbon monoxide, 244

cardiovascular disease, 581
n

Carducci, M. A., 554
n

Carey, John, 580
n
, 581
n

Carlisle, Brian, 285

Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), 275, 285

Carnivore e-mail snooping system, 413

Carroll, Lewis, 326

Carroll, Rory, 598
n

cars, 100, 287, 288, 311

nanotechnology and, 230, 246, 247, 252

case-based reasoning, 285

Caspari, Rachel, 218–219

Casseday, John, 545
n

cassette tape, 53, 327

cataracts, 549
n

cats, consciousness of, 467, 468

CD-ROMs, 54

celebrities, virtual, 318

C. elegans
, 221

Celera Genomics, 216

Cell
, 176, 543
n

cell membranes, 232, 251, 256–257

cell phones, 100, 113, 282, 346, 406, 444, 473

        in clothing, 312

        cost of, 95, 338, 339

        mass use of, 42, 49,
49, 50
, 95, 469, 512
n

cells, 148, 198, 208, 383, 483

        aging of, 209

        as computers, 221

        death of, 215, 218

        energy for, 219–220, 583
n

        gene expression and, 213, 551
n

        loss and atrophy of, 220

        toxic, 219

        transdifferentiation and, 222–223, 471, 556
n
–557
n

        
see also
nucleus;
specific kinds of cells

cell therapies, 214, 222–23, 471, 556
n
–557
n

cellular automata, 85–91, 93, 359, 518
n
–522
n

        class 4, 88–91,
88
, 93, 520
n

        kinematic, 235

        predictability and, 88–89, 90, 519
n
, 521
n
–522
n

        rule 110 and, 87–89,
88
, 523
n

cellular gliders, 520
n

cellular logic switch, 221

Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 514
n

centralized technologies, 340, 409, 420, 421

cerebellum, 68, 124, 125

        brain reverse engineering and, 144, 147, 169, 178–183,
180, 182

        fiber cells of, 179, 180,
180
, 181, 545
n

        genome and, 180

        muscles and, 179, 181, 260

        neuromorphic model of, 178–183,
180, 182

        prediction and, 191

        skill formation and, 178–179, 194, 260

        wiring pattern of, 180,
180
, 449

cerebral palsy, 308

Cerf, V., 516
n

Chaboyer, Brian, 590
n

Chalmers, David J., 385, 594
n

Chang, Kenneth, 567
n

Chang, Xiao Yan, 561
n
, 562
n

chaos, 198, 459–462

        of brain, 148, 149, 151, 152, 178, 198, 440, 446, 449, 450, 452, 460, 462, 483

        evolution and, 40, 41, 45–46, 509
n

        GNR age and, 73

        pattern recognition and, 441

chaos theory, 89, 151, 271, 480

chaotic computing, 145, 173, 441, 475

character recognition, 97, 265, 294, 337

chat rooms, 272

chatterbot, 272, 294

Chaudhuri, Swades, 248

chemical energy, 230

chemical industry, 252

chemistry, 14–15,
15
, 167–168, 411

chemotherapy drugs, 511
n

Cheng, J. C., 552
n

Chenn, Anjen, 505
n

chess, 126, 290

        computer, 8, 146, 274–278,
274
, 441, 459, 498
n

        recursive search and, 272, 577
n
–580
n

chickens, brain-stem neurons in, 172

Chiesa, G., 553
n

children:

        brain of, 152, 177

        dyslexic, 175

        fears of, 241

        handwriting learned by, 181

        spindle cells in, 193–194

chimpanzees,
20

        humans compared with, 5, 39, 192, 505
n
, 509
n

        thumbs of, 39, 509
n

China, 54, 99, 469

Chinese Room analogy:

        of author, 465–466

        of Searle, 430, 458–466

Chinnery, P. F., 555
n

chips:

        design of, 122, 231

        gene (microarrays), 214–215, 552
n

        hippocampal, 188

        manufacturing of, 42, 119, 122

        neural, 188, 195

        neural nets and, 270, 575
n

        silicon,
see
silicon chips

chlorinated phenols, 252

Choi, Charles, 530
n
, 537
n
, 548
n

cholesterol, 211, 217, 554
n

Chomsky, Noam, 190

Chown, Marcus, 590
n

chromosomes, 218, 219, 232, 510
n

        evolution of, 42, 92

        parity errors and, 208

        X, 510
n
, 555
n
–556
n

        Y, 42, 208

Church, Alonzo, 453–454, 601
n

Churchill, Winston, 35, 320, 324

Churchland, Patricia, 473

Church-Turing thesis, criticism from, 429, 453–456, 601
n

Ciccolo, Nate, 392–393

circle of empathy, 386

circulatory system, 442, 443

cities:

        as centralized technologies, 340, 409, 420, 421

        early,
17, 18

civilization:

        destruction of, 345–346, 361

        search for intelligent,
see
SETI

        type II, 344, 348, 353

        type III, 344

civilization, human-machine, 26, 45

        destiny of, 3–4, 5, 128, 202, 299, 390

        nonbiological intelligence derived from, 317

        
see also
Singularity

        civil liberties, 421–422

civil services model, 472

Civil War, U.S., 331

Clark, Gregory, 587
n

Clarke, Arthur C., 4, 51, 427

Clinical Proteomics Program, 282

clock speed, microprocessor,
61
, 63, 66

cloning:

        human, 221–225, 556
n

        therapeutic, 214, 220, 221, 222, 224, 256, 323

        transdifferentiation, 222–224, 556
n
–557
n

closed systems, second law of thermodynamics and, 510
n

“closed timelike curve” (CTC), 140–141

coal, 243, 244, 246

cobalt, 119

cochlea, 184,
185
, 438

cochlear canal, 165

cochlear implants, 195, 384

cocktail-party effect, 184

codons, 16, 208, 517
n

Cognex Corporation, 285

cognitive skills,
see specific skills

colds, common, 402, 418

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 171–172

cold war, 374, 396, 401

Colicos, Michael A., 175–176

Collas, P., 557
n

colliculus cells, 184

Collier, C. P., 528
n

Collins, Philip G., 527
n

Colman, A., 556
n

colon, 304

colonization, 352–353

colorectal cancer, 552
n

Colton, Richard J., 563
n

columnar structures, 160

comets, 281, 405–406

commerce:

        e-commerce, 13, 103–105,
104
, 263, 264

        fraud in, 269

common operating picture (COP), 332

commonsense knowledge, 177, 267, 292

communications, communications technologies, 3, 261, 308, 313, 347

        broadband, 278

        decentralization of, 396, 406

        exponential growth in, 35, 76–77,
77
, 102, 112, 245–246, 470

        mass adoptions of, 48–50,
48–50
, 97, 511
n
–512
n

        military, 332–333

        nanotechnology and, 248–249, 434

        personalized customer, 103

        price-performance of, 77,
77
, 243

        radio transmissions, 344–349, 590
n