The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (133 page)

        nanotechnology and, 232–235, 238–239, 412

Rich, Elaine, 265, 266

Richards, Jay W., 593
n

Richards, Mark A., 438, 439, 600
n

rich-poor divide, 95, 430, 469–470

Riesenhuber, Maximilian, 186

Riley, James, 588
n

Rilke, Rainer Maria, 299

Rizzolatti, Giacomo, 190 548
n

RNA, 47, 216, 441

        gene expression and, 16, 213

        messenger (mRNA), 207, 208, 214, 412, 552
n

        nanotechnology and, 232

        transfer (tRNA), 207, 208, 233

RNA interference (RNAi), 12, 214, 256, 323, 417, 422, 552
n

Roach, John, 591
n

roads, biological evolution and, 440

Robitaille, P-M. L., 540
n

Robot
(Moravec), 24

robotic telescopes, 281

robots, robotics, 24, 122

        disabled assisted by, 189, 195

        household, 292

        kinematic constructor, 228, 229, 558
n

        manufacturing and, 276, 285–286

        military, 189, 280, 285, 331–332, 333

        at molecular level,
see
nanobots

        monkeys’ control of, 194–195

        nanotechnology and, 228–233, 246

        as probes, 352, 591
n

        revolution in, 73, 84, 205, 206, 259–300, 570
n
–583
n
;
see also
strong AI

        search-and-rescue, 286

        vision systems for, 123, 187–188, 285–286, 529
n

rock:

        complexity of, 37, 508
n
–509
n

        computation in, 131, 137, 362

        information in, 37, 137, 508
n
–509
n
, 536
n

Rodgers, Peter, 592
n

rogue nations, 423

Roninson, I. B., 554
n

Rosamond, J., 552
n

Roscheisen, Martin, 250

Rosen, Nathan, 355, 592
n

Rosenblatt, Frank, 156, 539
n

Rosetta Disk, 588
n

Roska, Boton, 187, 547
n

rotaxane, 115

Roth, U., 575
n

Rothblatt, Martine, 379, 418, 593
n
, 598
n

Roush, Wade, 580
n

Rowling, J. K., 4–5

Roy, C. S., 540
n

Rubel, E. W., 542
n

Rueckes, Thomas, 114

Rukeyser, Muriel, 5

rule 110, 87–89,
88
, 522
n
, 523
n

Rupley, Sebastian, 533
n

Russell, Bertrand, 264, 321, 453, 514
n
, 600
n

Russia, ICBM arsenal of, 401

Sabatini, B. L., 541
n

Sagan, Carl, 18, 35, 346, 355, 501
n
, 590
n

Sahlins, Marshall, 387

“Sailing to Byzantium” (Yeats), 301

Saini, Subhash, 562
n
, 563
n

St. Louis University, 247–248

Sakamoto, K. M., 552
n

Salinas, E., 539
n

Samonds, Jason M., 541
n

Sandberg, Anders, 134, 144, 350–351, 356, 535
n

Sandhana, Lakshmi, 589
n

Sandia National Laboratories, 304

Sandvik, Haavard Bunes, 592
n

sanitation, 409

San Jose AI conference (2004), 286

Santa Fe Institute, 509
n

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) virus, 74, 398, 402–403, 423, 514
n

satellites, 413

        Space Solar Power, 250

        Space Technology 5, 281

        spy, 281

Sato, Hisahiko, 517
n

Sato, K.-I., 516
n

Sato, M., 553
n

Savoy, R. L., 539
n

scaffolds, nanoscale, 242

Scalaidhe, S. P., 543
n

Scalise, George M., 525
n

scanning-probe microscope (SPM), 237, 240

ScanSoft (formerly Kurzweil Computer Products), 570
n

Schafer, Ron, 588
n

Schaller, R. D., 566
n

Scheibel, Thomas, 529
n

Schewe, Phillip F., 586
n

Schmidt, Bob, 283

Schneider, Frank, 550
n

Schoenauer, T., 575
n

Schopenhauer, Arthur, 7

Schönenberger, Christian, 526

Schopf, J. W., 502
n

Schwartz, Jeffrey M., 542
n

Schwarzschild, Kurt, 503
n

science, 335, 372, 373, 375, 498
n

        AI applications in, 283

        human grasp of, 261

        inflated self-significance corrected by, 487

        objectivity and, 378, 380

        simplicity as driving force in, 39

        technology’s enabling of advances in, 143

        
see also specific sciences

Science
, 114, 117, 176, 215, 505
n

science fiction, 271–272, 569
n

Scientific American
, 51, 101, 236–238, 254

scientific models, right level for, 167–168

scientist’s pessimism, 12

Scripps Research Institute, 235–236, 556
n

S-curves:

        energy and, 244

        in paradigm life cycle, 43–44,
43, 44
, 67, 72

        of technology as expressed in its life cycle, 51–56

        transportation and, 457

search-and-retrieve methods, 328

search engines, 100, 150, 286–287, 336, 436

Searle, John R., 394, 458–469, 474, 475, 477, 601
n

second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy, 163

Securities Observation, News Analysis, and Regulation (SONAR) system, 284

security issues:

        defensive technologies and, 417

        law enforcement organizations and, 413, 421, 424

        spybots and, 406–407

“Seed AI,” 569
n

Seegrid, 285

Seeing Machines, 285

Seeman, Nadrian C., 235, 236, 560
n

Seitz, C. L., 535
n

Select computer program, 2–3, 497
n

self-assembly, 121, 227

        in nanotube circuits, 112–113, 115–116, 528
n

self-organizing system(s), 89, 225, 265, 435, 459–462

        algorithms, 146, 439–440, 481, 538
n
;
see also
evolutionary (genetic) algorithms

        biopolymers, 252–253

        brain as, 25–26, 148, 152, 153, 293, 371, 440, 443–444, 446, 456, 460, 483, 501
n
, 523
n

        communication networks as, 125, 533
n

        connectionism and, 155–156

        design and, 479–483

        knowledge and, 126

        mesh networks, 125, 280, 533
n

        military’s use of, 332–333

        nonlinearity as requirement for, 155

        
see also
Markov models; neural nets

self-replicating nanotechnology, 230, 235–236, 346, 352

        broadcast architecture and, 232, 235, 400, 409, 412, 419

        Foresight guidelines for, 229, 395, 411, 418–419, 598
n

        immune system and, 400, 411–412, 417

        need for, 352, 400, 411–412, 425–426

        probes and, 352, 412

        safety concerns about, 11, 206, 229, 232, 237, 256, 395, 398–400, 403, 409, 411–412, 425–426

        von Neumann’s model of, 228

        weapons and, 334

self-replication:

        of computer viruses,
see
software viruses

        of computing resources, 116–117, 139

        of DNA, 16, 47, 116, 117, 118, 207–208, 235, 529
n

        GNR defense and, 423–424

        immune system and, 417

        intelligent destiny of the cosmos and, 346, 352, 356

        power of patterns vs., 388

Selkoe, D. J., 555
n

Sematech, 57

semiconductors, semiconductor industry, 119, 153, 253

        deflation in, 102

        feature-size reduction in, 57–61,
57–60
, 113, 434

        growth in, 65, 102

        International Technology Roadmap for, 57, 112, 126, 292

        nanotubes as, 114

        quantum effects in, 429

        spintronics and, 119

        
see also
silicon; silicon chips; transistors

Sendoh, M., 584
n

sensorimotor skills, formation of, 178–179

sensory data:

        brain’s processing of, 120

        in Epoch Three, 16

        virtual reality and, 319

sensory disabilities, 144

sensory signals, nanobots’ monitoring of, 165–166

sentience quotient (SQ), 536
n

September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 280, 397

serial endosymbiosis theory, 583
n

Serre, Thomas, 547
n

        Chinese Room analogy of, 430, 458–466

serum monitoring, 423

SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), 342–353

        biological vs. nonbiological intelligence and, 350, 352, 358

        computational limits and, 349–351

        Drake equation and, 342, 344–349, 590
n

        Fermi Paradox and, 348, 357–359

        scope of, 342–343,
343

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome,
see
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) virus

sex, sexual activity:

        contraception and, 321

        desire and, 193

        pleasure and, 301, 307, 315, 319

        reproduction separated from, 301, 367

        virtual, 318–319

sexual reproduction, 46, 92, 207, 301, 402, 441

        genetic algorithms and, 270
n
, 539
n

Shachtman, Noah, 588
n

Shah, P. K., 553
n

Shakespeare, William, 126, 196

shale oil, 244

Shane, Scott, 597
n

Shannon, Claude, 507
n
–508
n

Shapiro, Ehud, 118

Shaw, Gary A., 438, 439, 600
n

Shaw, George Bernard, 96

Shaw, J. C., 264, 273, 569
n

Shay, Mary-Ellen, 557
n

Shenderova, O. A., 563
n

Shepherd, Gordon M., 184, 545
n

Sherman, William, 236, 560
n

Sherrington, Sir Charles S., 458, 540
n

Shi, Yuhui, 589
n

Shoham, S., 586
n

Shostak, Seth, 346, 358, 422, 590
n

Si, K., 543
n

signal-processing techniques, 279, 438–439, 445

silicon, 442

        in BioMEMS, 583
n

        in photovoltaic cells, 249