Read The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology Online
Authors: Ray Kurzweil
Tags: #Non-Fiction, #Fringe Science, #Retail, #Technology, #Amazon.com
logic gates, 112, 121, 245, 530
n
, 538
n
brain compared with, 446, 449–450
nanotubes as, 113, 114
reversible, 131–132, 244, 249, 434, 534
n
Lohn, Jason, 281, 580
n
Long, R. Q., 567
n
longevity, human, 320–330, 371
Long Now Foundation, 328, 588
n
Los Alamos National Lab, 139, 503
n
love, 189, 389, 476, 485
boundaries and, 387
falling in, 26, 142, 382
remembering, 376
spindle cells and, 193, 194
Lovett, R., 553
n
Lovley, Derek R., 248
Lowel, S., 176, 543
n
Lucas, J. R., 259, 376
Lucent Technologies, Bell Labs of, 157
Lucy (
Australopithecine
), 509
n
Ludd, Ned, 507
n
“Ludd, Ned,” 31–33, 225–226, 298, 319, 367, 426
Luddites, 338, 341, 415, 507
n
Ludwig Maximilians University, 235
lungs, 209, 216, 306
Lurie, Karen, 565
n
Lyding, J. W., 562
n
, 563
n
Lyman, Peter, 588
n
lymph nodes, 217
macaque monkeys, 186, 193
McCabe, Thomas, 437, 600
n
McCallum, John C., 515
n
McCool, Joe, 582
n
McCormick, Bruce H., 540
n
McCrea, Keith, 567
n
McCulloch, W. S., 155, 539
n
, 539
n
McCulloch-Pitts neural-net model, 155, 170
Macer, Darryl, 267
McGill University, 242
McKibben, Bill, 391, 395, 410, 594
n
, 597
n
McLuhan, Marshall, 14
MacRobert, Alan M., 590
n
macrophages, robotic (microbivores), 254, 306
mad-cow disease, 116, 224, 543
n
, 549
n
magic, 4–5, 388
magnetic field, 118, 119, 160, 161, 281
magnetic (disk-drive) memory, 76, 76
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 308
magnetic tape, 325
magnetoencephalography (MEG), 150, 158, 160, 186
magnetoresistance, 119
Magueijo, Joao, 592
n
Maher, M. P., 548
n
Mahowald, M. A., 547
n
Makeig, Scott, 172, 542
n
Malthus, Thomas, 427–428, 433–435
mammals, 17, 18, 20
brain matter added to, 16
embryos of, 556
n
nervous system evolution in, 506
n
spindle cells in, 192
see also specific mammals
Man and Superman
(Shaw), 96
Mandelbrot set, 447–449,
450
MANIAC (Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer), 499
n
Mann, David J., 562
n
mannitol, 165
Mano, N., 565
n
, 585
n
manufacturing, 250–251
law of accelerating returns and, 243
molecular,
see
molecular manufacturing
productivity growth and, 100–101,
101
robotics and, 276, 285–286
of silicon chips, 42, 119, 122
transistor,
60
Mao, F., 565
n
Marcikic, I., 591
n
Margolus, Norman, 518
n
Markov, Andrei Andreyevich, 268
Markov chains, 268
Markov models, 89, 151, 152, 461, 481, 570
n
defined, 539
n
speech recognition and, 153, 268, 278
Mars, 280
Marshall, E., 552
n
Marshall, Matt, 566
n
Martin, Mike, 566
n
Martinville, Léon Scott de, 52
Marx, Karl, 475
“Mass Use of Inventions” chart,
50
, 512
n
Masuoka, Fujio, 113
materialism, 388, 394, 431, 473–476
mathematics, 453–454
chaotic systems and, 151, 198, 449, 450
of complexity theory, 145, 151
existential risks and, 404
proofs in, 264, 283
singularity in, 22–23,
23
, 485, 486
Mathematica (program), 89
Matick, Richard E., 515
n
Matrioshka brain, 350–351
Matrix Semiconductor, 113
matter, 32, 33
black hole’s effect on, 7, 363
computational limits and, 72, 113, 128, 131, 133–134, 136–138, 300, 349–351, 427–428, 432, 434–435
as digital vs. analog, 14
information’s relationship with, 86, 87, 522
n
nonbiological intelligence’s saturating of,
15
, 21, 29, 45, 364, 375, 389, 511
n
observed density of, 365, 592
n
patterns of, 325, 383, 385, 431, 474
pico- and femtotechnology and, 138–139, 351
Matthews, Stephen, 539
n
maturity stage, 52
Mauk, Michael D., 182–183, 545
n
Max Planck Institute, 188, 195, 308, 313
Maya
(illusion), 388
Maysinger, D., 564
n
Mazur, Eric, 162–163
MCM-41, 252
Mead, Carver, 183, 440, 533
n
analog-emulation-of-brain work of, 18, 126, 151, 189, 442, 533
n
, 538
n
, 545
n
, 547
n
meaning:
as emergent pattern, 463–464
parity and, 190
meat, 224
mechanical devices, decrease in size of, 82,
82
, 407
media:
technology controversy and, 393
war coverage by, 330, 331
medical diagnostic systems, 266–267
medical informatics, 265
medicine, 126, 214
AI applications in, 8, 276, 281–282
knowledge and, 282, 283, 396
nanotechnology and, 238, 242–243, 251, 253–255, 259, 300, 303–305, 377, 407
progress in, 411
regulation of, 373, 412–413, 416–417, 423
warfare compared with, 331
see also
drugs;
specific biotechnology practices
Medina, Javier F., 182–183, 545
n
Medtronic MiniMed, 307, 530
n
, 585
n
, 586
n
MEG,
see
magnetoencephalography
Melton, H. Keith, 580
n
Meltzer, Martin I., 596
n
Melymuka, Kathleen, 580
n
memory, 48, 86, 316
brain and, 48, 126, 137, 138, 176, 523
n
computational capacity compared with, 126–127
efficiency of, 136–138
Hebbian reverberatory, 156–157, 170–171
human longevity and, 329
learning vs., 541
n
long-term, 157, 172, 175–176, 188, 543
n
, 544
n
repression of, 176–177, 544
n
short-term (working), 170, 175
in soma, 170–171
storage device for, 176
synapses and, 169, 170–171, 175–176, 200, 541
n
, 543
n
, 544
n
of threatening stimuli, 541
n
uploading of, 199
memory, computer, 3, 26, 135, 261, 481–482
cost of, 126
law of accelerating returns and, 57–58,
57
,
58
,
59
, 64–65, 75–76,
75
,
76
, 96, 102, 436
long-term, 158–159
magnetic (disk-drive), 76,
76
molecular computing and, 115
nanotubes in storage of, 113–115
random access,
see
RAM
spintronics and, 118–119
storage issues and, 327–329, 588
n
memory, flash, 54, 113, 115, 116
memory banks, 312
memory cells, based on atoms, 121
MEMS (Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems) technology, 133, 238, 247, 306, 421
Mencken, H. L., 369
meritocracy, 472
Merkle, Ralph, 229, 230, 240, 400, 412, 559
n
, 560
n
, 561
n
, 562
n
, 563
n
, 595
n
, 598
n
Merzenich, Michael, 174, 542
n
mesh (peer-to-peer, many-to-many, and “multihop”) networks, 125, 280, 533
n
Mesopotamia, 536
n
“MEST” (matter, energy, space, and time) compression, 24
meteors, 398
methane (CH
4
), 400
methanol, 247
Meyerson, Bernard, 519
n
, 529
n
mice:
beta-catenin overproduction in, 505
n
brain-scanning experiments in, 161–162, 171–172
neurogenesis in, 177
robustly rejuvenated, 213
weight gain prevented in, 11–12, 303
microarrays (gene chips), 214–215, 552
n
microbivores (robotic macrophages), 254, 306
microbots, 333
MicroCHIPS, 242–243
microfluidic devices, 242
microprocessors, 116, 119
clock speed of,
61
, 63, 66
cost per transistor cycle of, 62,
62
, 66
performance in MIPS of, 64–65,
64
, 66
transistors per, 63,
63
, 498
n
microscopes, 47–48, 163
atomic-force (AFM), 138, 237, 536
n
scanning probe (SPM), 237, 240
Microsoft, 284, 286–287
Microsoft Word, 147, 538
n
microtubules, 383, 429, 449–452
Microvision, 586
n
microwaves, 165, 247, 250, 343
midbrain, 193
Miles, J. B., 515
n
military:
AI used by, 259, 279–280, 281, 284
development times reduced in, 334
nanobots used by, 300, 333, 400
robots, 189, 280, 285, 331–332, 333
virtual reality used by, 312, 335, 586
n
warfare and, 330–335
see also
weapons
military manuals, 594
n
Milky Way galaxy, 342–348, 590
n
Miller, Arthur, 376, 593
n
Miller, E. K., 542
n
Miller, Mark, 598
n
Miller, Max, 21
Miller, Steve, 175
MIMD (multiple instruction multiple data) architectures, 120
mind, 143, 444
Church-Turing thesis and, 454
expansion of, 316–317