The Social Animal (59 page)

2
Young children don’t seem
Alison Gopnik,
The Philosophical Baby: What Children’s Minds Tell Us About Truth, Love, and the Meaning of Life
(New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 2009), 17.

3
He couldn’t remember earlier thoughts
Gopnik, Meltzoff, and Kuhl, 46.

4
If you put a sticker
Gopnik, 145.

5
When you ask preschoolers
Gopnik, 124.

6
As Alison Gopnik writes
Gopnik, 152.

7
“lantern consciousness”
Gopnik, 129.

8
As John Bowlby wrote
John Bowlby,
Loss: Sadness and Depression
(New York: Basic Books, 1980), 229.

9
Elizabeth Spelke believes
Margaret Talbot, “The Baby Lab,”
The New Yorker
, September 5, 2006,
http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/09/04/060904fa_fact_talbot
.

10
Meltzoff and Kuhl showed
Gopnik, Meltzoff, and Kuhl, 69.

11
But young children are able
Gopnik, 82-83.

12
Some scientists calculate
Jeffrey M. Schwartz and Sharon Begley,
The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force
(New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 117.

13
Harold could end up
Schwartz and Begley, 111.

14
A mere 60 neurons
Thomas Carlyle Dalton and Victor W. Bergenn,
Early Experience, the Brain, and Consciousness: An Historical and Interdisciplinary Synthesis
(New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2007), 91.

15
Imagine a football stadium
Jeff Hawkins and Sandra Blakeslee,
On Intelligence
(New York: Times Books, 2004), 34.

16
“It’s as if”
Gopnik, Meltzoff, and Kuhl, 185.

17
a cat was taught
Bruce E. Wexler,
Brain and Culture: Neurobiology, Ideology, and Social Change
(Cambridge, MA:
MIT
Press, 2006), 23.

18
In another experiment
James Le Fanu,
Why Us?: How Science Rediscovered the Mystery of Ourselves
(New York: Pantheon Books, 2009), 54.

19
Violinists have dense connections
Schwartz and Begley, 214-15.

20
We store in our heads
Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner,
The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind’s Hidden Complexities
(New York: Basic Books, 2002), 12.

21
“Building an integration network”
Fauconnier and Turner, 44.

22
But the game Harold
Jerome Bruner,
Actual Minds, Possible Worlds
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986).

23
Dan P. McAdams argues
Dan P. McAdams,
The Stories We Live By: Personal Myths and the Making of the Self
(New York: Guilford Press, 1993), 48.

CHAPTER
5: ATTACHMENT

1
Julia dimly suspected
Claudia Wells, “The Myth About Homework,”
Time
, August 29, 2006,
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1376208,00.html
.

2
“She left because I’m no good”
Ann B. Barnet and Richard J. Barnet,
The Youngest Minds: Parenting and Genetic Inheritance in the Development of Intellect and Emotion
(New York: Touchstone, 1998), 197.

3
“All of us, from cradle”
Louis Cozolino,
The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain
(New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 2006), 139.

4
Over the subsequent decades
L. Alan Sroufe, Byron Egeland, Elizabeth A. Carlson, and W. Andrew Collins,
The Development of the Person: The Minnesota Study of Risk and Adaptation from Birth to Adulthood
(New York: Guilford Press, 2005), 59-60.

5
Insecurely attached children
Barnet and Barnet, 130.

6
Neither do they hold
Sroufe et al., 133-34.

7
They also tend to be
Sroufe et al., 154.

8
In the Strange Situation Tests
Sroufe et al., 60.

9
“He walked in a series”
Sroufe et al., 138.

10
Adults who are avoidantly
Daniel J. Siegel,
The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are
(New York: Guilford Press, 1999), 94.

11
Pascal Vrticka of the University of Geneva
Kayt Sukel, “Brain Responds Quickly to Faces,”
BrainWork
, Dana Foundation Newsletter, November 1, 2008,
http://www.dana.org/news/brainwork/detail.aspx?id=13664
.

12
They are three times
George Vaillant,
Aging Well: Surprising Guideposts to a Happier Life from the Landmark Harvard Study of Adult Development
(New York: Little, Brown & Co., 2002), 99.

13
Children with ambivalent
Ayala Malakh Pines,
Falling in Love: Why We Choose the Lovers We Choose
(New York: Routledge, 2005), 110.

14
They feel a simultaneous urge
Cozolino, 230.

15
They look away from
Alison Gopnik,
The Philosophical Baby: What Children’s Minds Tell Us About Truth, Love, and the Meaning of Life
(New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 2009), 184.

16
more fearful than other children
Susan D. Calkins, “Early Attachment Processes and the Development of Emotional Self-Regulation,” in
Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications
, eds. Roy F. Baumeister and Kathleen D. Vohs (New York: Guilford Press, 2004), 332.

17
more promiscuous in adolescence
David M. Buss,
The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating
(New York: Basic Books, 2003), 93.

18
higher rates of psychopathology
Mary Main, Erik Hesse, and Nancy Kaplan, “Predictability of Attachment Behavior and Representational Processes at 1, 6, and 19 Years of Age: The Berkeley Longitudinal Study” in
Attachment from Infancy to Adulthood: The Major Longitudinal Studies
, eds. Klaus E. Grossmann, Karin Grossmann, and Everett Waters (New York: Guilford Press, 2005), 280.

19
retarded synaptic development
Thomas Lewis, Fari Amini, and Richard Lannon,
A General Theory of Love
(New York: Vintage, 2001), 199.

20
That’s in part because
Kathleen Kendall-Tackett, Linda Meyer Williams, and David Finkelhor, “Impact of Sexual Abuse on Children: A Review and Synthesis of Recent Empirical Studies,”
Psychological Bulletin
113, no. 1 (1993): 173,
http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/VS69.pdf
.

21
They’ve found, for example
Gopnik, 182.

22
“predictive power of childhood experience”
Sroufe et al., 268.

23
Attachment-security and caregiver-sensitivity
Sroufe et al., 164.

24
Kids who had dominating, intrusive
Sroufe et al., 167.

25
By observing quality of care
Sroufe et al., 210.

26
Most reported having no
Sroufe et al., 211.

27
Forty percent of the parents
Sroufe et al., 95.

28
“When Ellis seeks help”
Sroufe et al., 287.

CHAPTER
6: LEARNING

1
In 1954 Muzafer Sherif conducted
Muzafer Sherif et al.,
The Robbers Cave Experiment: Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation
(Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1988).

2
Gossip is the way
Roy F. Baumeister,
The Cultural Animal: Human Nature, Meaning, and Social Life
(Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 2005), 286-87.

3
big eyes and puffy cheeks
Gordon B. Moskowitz,
Social Cognition: Understanding Self and Others
(New York: Guilford Press, 2005), 78.

4
Most people automatically assume
Ayala Malach Pines,
Falling in Love: Why We Choose the Lovers We Choose
(New York: Routledge, 2005), 93.

5
As the novelist Frank Portman
Frank Portman,
King Dork
(New York: Delacorte Press, 2006), 123.

6
And in fact
Steven W. Anderson et al., “Impairment of Social and Moral Behavior Related to Early Damage in Human Prefrontal Cortex,” in
Social Neuroscience: Key Readings in Social Psychology
, eds. John T. Cacioppo and Gary G. Berntson (New York: Psychology Press, 2005), 29.

7
Work by David Van Rooy
Anderson et al., 34.

8
In some studies, fourteen-year-olds
John D. Bransford, Ann L. Brown, and Rodney R. Cocking, eds.,
How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School
(Washington, DC: National Academies Press), 119.

9
The pituitary glands
Louann Brizendine,
The Female Brain
(New York: Broadway Books, 2006), 33.

10
In the first two weeks
Brizendine, 45.

11
As a result of hormonal surges
Brizendine, 34.

12
As John Medina writes
John Medina,
Brain Rules: 12 Principles for Surviving and Thriving at Work, Home, and School
(Seattle, WA: Pear Press, 2008), 110.

13
Fish Is Fish
Bransford, Brown, and Cocking, eds., 11.

14
She didn’t so much teach
Peter Carruthers, “An Architecture for Dual Reasoning,” in
In Two Minds: Dual Processes and Beyond
, eds. Jonathan Evans and Keith Frankish (Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 2009), 121.

15
Edith Hamilton’s book
Edith Hamilton,
The Greek Way
(New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1993), 156.

16
Benjamin Bloom has found
Daniel Coyle,
The Talent Code: Greatness Isn’t Born. It’s Grown. Here’s How
. (New York: Bantam Books, 2009), 175.

17
Again, the younger
Bransford, Brown, and Cocking, eds., 97.

18
Researcher Carol Dweck has found
Carol S. Dweck “The Secret to Raising Smart Kids,”
Scientific American Mind
, December 2007,
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id-the-secret-to-raising-smart-kids
.

19
Alfred North Whitehead saw
David G. Myers,
Intuition: Its Powers and Perils
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 17.

20
reach and reciprocity
Richard Ogle,
Smart World: Breakthrough Creativity and the New Science of Ideas
(Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2007).

21
The grandmasters could remember
Geoff Colvin,
Talent Is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else
(New York: Portfolio, 2008), 46-47.

22
IQ is, surprisingly
Colvin, 44.

23
When the same exercise
Colvin, 46-47.

24
A telephone transmits only
Robert E. Ornstein,
Multimind: A New Way of Looking at Human Behavior
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), 105.

25
“You know more than you know”
Jonah Lehrer,
How We Decide
(New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2009), 248.

26
“Life for him was an adventure”
Hamilton, 147.

27
“All arrogance will reap”
Hamilton, 108.

28
“The mind wheels”
Ornstein, 23.

29
A person who is interrupted
Medina, 92.