The Starch Solution (52 page)

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Authors: MD John McDougall

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49
. McDougall J. Marketing milk and disease.
www.nealhendrickson.com/mcdougall/030500pudairyanddisease.htm

Chapter 9. Confessions of a Fish Killer

1
. Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N, et al. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services.
Science.
2006 Nov 3; 314 (5800): 787–90.

2
. Plourde M, Cunnane SC. Extremely limited synthesis of long chain polyunsaturates in adults: implications for their dietary essentiality and use as supplements.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab.
2007 Aug; 32 (4): 619–34.

3
. Tu WC, Cook-Johnson RJ, James MJ, Mühlhäusler BS, Gibson RA. Omega-3 long chain fatty acid synthesis is regulated more by substrate levels than gene expression.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.
2010 Aug; 83 (2): 61–8.

4
. Harnack K, Andersen G, Somoza V. Quantitation of alpha-linolenic acid elongation to eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid as affected by the ratio of n6/n3 fatty acids.
Nutr Metab (Lond).
2009 Feb 19; 6: 8.

5
. Langdon JH. Has an aquatic diet been necessary for hominin brain evolution and functional development?
Br J Nutr.
2006 Jul; 96 (1): 7–17.

6
. Welch AA, Shakya-Shrestha S, Lentjes MA, et al. Dietary intake and status of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a population of fish-eating and non-fish-eating meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans and the precursor-product ratio (corrected) of alpha-linolenic acid to long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2010 Nov; 92 (5): 1040–51.

7
. Sanders TA. DHA status of vegetarians.
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes,
and
Essential Fatty Acids.
2009 Aug-Sep; 81 (2-3): 137–41.

8
.
www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10490&page=471

9
. Sanders TA. Essential fatty acid requirements of vegetarians in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1999 Sep; 70 (3 Suppl): 555S–59S.

10
. Krüger E, Verreault R, Carmichael PH, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and risk of dementia: the Canadian study of health and aging.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2009 Jul; 90 (1): 184–92.

11
. Devore EE, Grodstein F, van Rooij FJ, et al. Dietary intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids in relation to long-term dementia risk.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2009 Jul; 90 (1): 170–76.

12
. Beezhold BL, Johnston CS, Daigle DR. Vegetarian diets are associated with healthy mood states: a cross-sectional study in Seventh Day Adventist adults.
Nutr J.
2010 Jun 1; 9: 26.

13
. Krüger E, Verreault R, Carmichael PH, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and risk of dementia: the Canadian study of health and aging.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2009 Jul; 90 (1): 184–92.

14
. Devore EE, Grodstein F, van Rooij FJ, et al. Dietary intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids in relation to long-term dementia risk.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2009 Jul; 90 (1): 170–76.

15
. Giem P, Beeson WL, Fraser GE. The incidence of dementia and intake of animal products: preliminary findings from the Adventist Health Study.
Neuroepidemiology.
1993; 12 (1): 28–36.

16
. Smithers LG, Gibson RA, Makrides M. Maternal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy does not affect early visual development in the infant: a randomized controlled trial.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2011 Jun; 93 (6): 1293–99.

17
. Huston MC. The role of mercury and cadmium heavy metals in vascular disease, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction.
Altern Ther Health Med.
2007 Mar-Apr; 13 (2): S128–33.

18
. Guallar E, Sanz-Gallardo MI, van’t Veer P, et al. Heavy Metals and Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction.
N Engl J Med.
2002 Nov 28; 347 (22): 1747–54.

19
. Virtanen JK, Voutilainen S, Rissanen TH, et al. Mercury, fish oils, and risk of acute coronary events and cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in men in eastern Finland.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.
2005 Jan; 25 (1): 228–33.

20
. Davidson MH, Hunninghake D, Maki KC, et al. Comparison of the effects of lean red meat vs lean white meat on serum lipid levels among free-living persons with hypercholesterolemia: a long-term, randomized clinical trial.
Arch Intern Med.
1999 Jun 28; 159 (12): 1331–38.

21
. Harris WS, Dujovne CA, Zucker M, Johnson B. Effects of a low saturated fat, low cholesterol fish oil supplement in hypertriglyceridemic patients. A placebo-controlled trial.
Ann Intern Med.
1988 Sep 15; 109 (6): 465–70.

22
. Wilt TJ, Lofgren RP, Nichol KL, et al. Fish oil supplementation does not lower plasma cholesterol in men with hypercholesterolemia. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study.
Ann Intern Med.
1989 Dec 1; 111 (11): 900–05.

23
. Hooper L, Thompson RL, Harrison RA, et al. Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review.
BMJ.
2006 Apr 1; 332 (7544): 752–60.

24
. Cundiff DK, Lanou AJ, Nigg CR. Relation of omega-3 fatty acid intake to other dietary factors known to reduce coronary heart disease risk.
Am J Cardiol.
2007 May 1; 99 (9): 1230–33.

25
. Burr ML, Ashfield-Watt PA, Dunstan FD, et al. Lack of benefit of dietary advice to men with angina: results of a controlled trial.
Eur J Clin Nutr.
2003 Feb; 57 (2): 193–200.

26
. Senges J. Omega-3 fatty acids on top of modern therapy after acute myocardial infarction (OMEGA). Report presented at American College of Cardiology Annual Meeting, March 30, 2009, Orlando, Florida.
www.theheart.org/article/957205.do

27
. Kromhout D, Giltay EJ, Geleijnse JM; Alpha Omega Trial Group. N-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction.
N Engl J Med.
2010 Nov 18; 363 (21): 2015–26.

28
. Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E, Czernichow S, et al; SU.FOL.OM3 Collaborative Group. Effects of B vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases: a randomized placebo controlled trial.
BMJ.
2010 Nov 29; 341: c6273. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c6273.

29
. Kowey PR, Reiffel JA, Ellenbogen KA, et al. Efficacy and safety of prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the prevention of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial.
JAMA.
2010 Dec 1; 304 (21): 2363–72.

30
. Sacks FM, Stone PH, Gibson CM, et al. Controlled trial of fish oil for regression of human coronary atherosclerosis. HARP Research Group.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
1995 Jun; 25 (7): 1492–98.

31
. Jenkins DJ, Sievenpiper JL, Pauly D, et al. Are dietary recommendations for the use of fish oils sustainable?
CMAJ.
2009 Mar 17; 180 (6): 633–37.

32
. Insull W Jr, Lang PD, Hsi BP, Yoshimura S. Studies of arteriosclerosis in Japanese and American men. I. Comparison of fatty acid composition of adipose tissue.
J Clin Invest.
1969 Jul; 48 (7): 1313–27.

33
. Robertson W. The effect of high animal protein intake on the risk of calcium stone-formation in the urinary tract.
Clin Sci (Lond).
1979 Sep; 57 (3): 285–88.

34
. Dyerberg J, Bang HO. Haemostatic function and platelet polyunsaturated fatty acids in Eskimos.
Lancet.
1979 Sep 1; 2 (8140): 433–35.

35
. Meydani SN, Lichtenstein AH, Cornwall S, et al. Immunologic effects of national cholesterol education panel step-2 diets with and without fish-derived N-3 fatty acid enrichment.
J Clin Invest.
1993 Jul; 92 (1): 105–13.

36
. Stripp C, Overvad K, Christensen J, et al. Fish intake is positively associated with breast cancer incidence rate.
J Nutr.
2003 Nov; 133 (11): 3664–69.
Cancer Res.
1998 Aug 1; 58 (15): 3312–19.

37
. Klieveri L, Fehres O, Griffini P, et al. Promotion of colon cancer metastases in rat liver by fish oil diet is not due to reduced stroma formation.
Clin Exp Metastasis.
2000; 18 (5): 371–77.

38
. Roodhart JM, Daenen LG, Stigter EC, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells induce resistance to chemotherapy through the release of platinum-induced fatty acids.
Cancer Cell.
2011 Sep 13; 20 (3): 370–83.

39
. Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, et al; NHLBI ARDS Clinical trials network. Enteral omega-3 fatty acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidant supplementation in acute lung injury.
JAMA.
2011 Oct 12; 306 (14): 1574–81.

40
. Hendra TJ, Britton ME, Roper DR, et al. Effects of fish oil supplements in NIDDM subjects. Controlled study.
Diabetes Care.
1990 Aug; 13 (8): 821–9.

41
. Djouss Ä L, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Lee IM. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and fish consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2011 Jan; 93 (1): 143–50.

42
. Olsen SF, Osterdal ML, Salvig JD, et al. Duration of pregnancy in relation to fish oil supplementation and habitual fish intake: a randomised clinical trial with fish oil.
Eur J Clin Nutr.
2007 Aug; 61 (8): 976–85.

43
. Olsen SF, Hansen HS, Sorensen TI, et al. Intake of marine fat, rich in (n-3)-polyunsaturated fatty acids, may increase birthweight by prolonging gestation.
Lancet.
1986 Aug 16; 2 (8503): 367–69.

44
. Ju H, Chadha Y, Donovan T, O’Rourke P. Fetal macrosomia and pregnancy outcomes.
Aust NZJ Obstet Gynaecol.
2009 Oct; 49 (5): 504–9.

45
. Joensen F, Olsen SF, Holm T, Joensen HD. Perinatal deaths in the Faroe Islands during 1986–95.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.
2000 Oct; 79 (10): 834–38.

46
. Olsen SF, Samuelsen S, Joensen HD. A clinico-pathological classification of perinatal deaths in the Faroe Islands.
Br J Obstet Gynaecol.
1995 May; 102 (5): 389–92.

47
. Friedland RP, Petersen RB, Rubenstein R. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and aquaculture.
J Alzheimers Dis.
2009 Jun; 17 (2): 277–79.

48
. Bell JG, Henderson RJ, Tocher DR, et al. Substituting fish oil with crude palm oil in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects muscle fatty acid composition and hepatic fatty acid metabolism.
J Nutr.
2002 Feb; 132 (2): 222–30.

49
. Weaver KL, Ivester P, Chilton JA, et al. The content of favorable and unfavorable polyunsaturated fatty acids found in commonly eaten fish.
J Am Diet Assoc.
2008 Jul; 108 (7): 1178–85.

50
. Lund V, Mejdell CM, Rocklinsberg H, et al. Expanding the moral circle: farmed fish as objects of moral concern.
Dis Aquat Organ.
2007 May 4; 75 (2): 109–18.

Chapter 10. The Fat Vegan

1
. Spence LA, Lipscomb ER, Cadogan J, et al. The effect of soy protein and soy isoflavones on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover study.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2005 Apr; 81 (4): 916–22.

2
. Roughead ZK, Hunt JR, Johnson LK, et al. Controlled substitution of soy protein for meat protein: effects on calcium retention, bone, and cardiovascular health indices in postmenopausal women.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2005 Jan; 90 (1): 181–89.

3
. Kerstetter JE, Wall DE, O’Brien KO, et al. Meat and soy protein affect calcium homeostasis in healthy women.
J Nutr.
2006 Jul; 136 (7): 1890–95.

4
. Arjmandi BH, Khalil DA, Smith BJ, et al. Soy protein has a greater effect on bone in postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy, as evidenced by reducing bone resorption and urinary calcium excretion.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2003 Mar; 88 (3): 1048–54.

5
. Khalil DA, Lucas EA, Juma S, et al. Soy protein supplementation increases serum insulin-like growth factor-I in young and old men but does not affect markers of bone metabolism.
J Nutr.
2002 Sep; 132 (9): 2605–8.

6
. Sauer LA, Blask DE, Dauchy RT. Dietary factors and growth and metabolism in experimental tumors.
J Nutr Biochem.
2007 Oct; 18 (10): 637–49.

7
. Griffini P. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids promote colon carcinoma metastasis in rat liver.
Cancer Res.
1998 Aug 1; 58 (15): 3312–19.

8
. Coulombe J, Pelletier G, Tremblay P, et al. Influence of lipid diets on the number of metastases and ganglioside content of H59 variant tumors.
Clin Exp Metastasis.
1997 Jul; 15 (4): 410–17.

9
. Klieveri L. Promotion of colon cancer metastases in rat liver by fish oil diet is not due to reduced stroma formation.
Clin Exp Metastasis.
2000; 18 (5): 371–77.

10
. Thiäbaut AC, Kipnis V, Chang SC, et al. Dietary fat and postmenopausal invasive breast cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
2007 Mar 21; 99 (6): 451–62.

11
. Ferrari R and Rapezzi C. The Mediterranean diet: a cultural journey.
Lancet.
2011 May 1; 377 (9779): 1730–31.

12
. Keys A. Mediterranean diet and public health: personal reflections.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1995 Jun; 61 (6 Suppl): 1321S–23S.

13
. Brown JM, Shelness GS, Rudel LL. Monounsaturated fatty acids and atherosclerosis: opposing views from epidemiology and experimental animal models.
Curr Atheroscler Rep.
2007 Dec; 9 (6): 494–500.

14
. Blankenhorn DH, Johnson RL, Mack WJ, et al. The influence of diet on the appearance of new lesions in human coronary arteries.
JAMA.
1990 Mar 23-30; 263 (12): 1646–52.

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