The Starch Solution (54 page)

42
. Parry J, Sullivan E, Scott AC. Vitamin D sufficiency screening in preoperative pediatric orthopaedic patients.
J Pediatr Orthop.
2011 Apr—May; 31 (3): 331–33.

43
. Lee JH, Gadi R, Spertus JA, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Am J Cardiol.
2011 Mar 23.

44
. Long AN, Ray MM, Nandikanti D, et al. Prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in an urban general internal medicine academic practice.
Tenn Med.
2011 Jan; 104 (1): 45–6, 52.

45
. Gómez-Alonso C, Naves-Díaz ML, Fernández-Martín JL, et al. Vitamin D status and secondary hyperparathyroidism: the importance of 25-hydroxyvitamin D cut-off levels.
Kidney Int Suppl.
2003 Jun; (85): S44–48.

46
. Rosen CJ. Vitamin D insufficiency.
N Engl J Med.
2011 Jan 20; 364 (3): 248–54.

47
. Binkley N, Novotny R, Krueger D, et al. Low vitamin D status despite abundant sun exposure.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2007 Jun; 92 (6): 2130–35.

48
. Pramyothin P, Techasurungkul S, Lin J, et al. Vitamin D status and falls, frailty, and fractures among postmenopausal Japanese women living in Hawaii.
Osteoporos Int.
2009 Nov; 20 (11): 1955–62.

49
. Abrams SA. Vitamin D requirements in adolescents: what is the target?
Am J Clin Nutr.
2011 Mar; 93 (3): 483–84.

50
. Shaw N. Vitamin D and bone health in children.
BMJ.
2011 Jan 25; 342: d192. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d192.

51
. Schneider S and Kramer H. Who uses sunbeds? A systematic literature review of risk groups in developed countries.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.
2010 Jun; 24 (6): 639–48.

52
. Tangpricha V, Turner A, Spina C, et al. Tanning is associated with optimal vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration) and higher bone mineral density.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2004; 80: 1645–49.

53
. Treatment of vitamin D deficiency with UV light in patients with malabsorption syndromes: a case series.
Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed.
2007 October; 23 (5): 179–85.

54
. Heikkinen AM, Tuppurainen MT, Niskanen L, et al. Long-term vitamin D3
supplementation may have adverse effects on serum lipids during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy.
Eur J Endocrinol.
1997 Nov; 137 (5): 495–502.

55
. Tuppurainen M, Heikkinen AM, Penttilä I, Saarikoski S. Does vitamin D3
have negative effects on serum levels of lipids? A follow-up study with a sequential combination of estradiol valerate and cyproterone acetate and/or vitamin D3
. Maturitas.
1995 Jun; 22 (1): 55–61.

56
. Heikkinen AM, Tuppurainen MT, Niskanen L, et al. Long-term vitamin D
₃
supplementation may have adverse effects on serum lipids during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy.
Eur J Endocrinol.
1997 Nov; 137 (5): 495–502.

57
. Tuohimaa P, Tenkanen L, Ahonen M, et al. Both high and low levels of blood vitamin D are associated with a higher prostate cancer risk: a longitudinal, nested case-control study in the Nordic countries.
Int J Cancer.
2004 Jan 1; 108 (1): 104–8.

58
. Marshall TG. Vitamin D discovery outpaces FDA decision making.
Bioessays.
2008 Feb; 30 (2): 173–82.

59
. Meyer G and Kopke S. Vitamin D and falls. Information on harm is missing.
BMJ.
2009 Oct 28; 339: b4395. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b4395.

60
. Hsia J, Heiss G, Ren H, et al. 2007 Women’s Health Initiative. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events.
Circulation.
2007; 115: 846–54.

61
. Byers T. Anticancer vitamins du jour—the ABCED’s so far.
Am J Epidemiol.
2010 Jul 1; 172 (1): 1–3.

62
. Holick MF, Biancuzzo RM, Chen TC, et al. Vitamin D2
is as effective as vitamin D3
in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2008; 93 (3): 677–81.

Vitamin B
₁₂
References:

63
. Stabler SP and Allen RH. Vitamin deficiency as a worldwide problem.
Annu Rev Nutr.
2004; 24: 299–326.

64
. Herbert V. Vitamin B: Plant sources, requirements, and assay.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1988 Sep; 48 (3 Suppl): 852–58.

65
. Koebnick C, Hoffmann I, Dagnelie PC, et al. Long-term ovo-lacto vegetarian diet impairs vitamin status in pregnant women.
J Nutr.
2004 Dec; 134 (12): 3319–26.

66
. Albert MJ, Mathan VI, Baker SJ. Vitamin synthesis by human small intestinal bacteria.
Nature.
1980 Feb 21; 283 (5749): 781–82.

67
. Butler CC, Vidal-Alaball J, Cannings-John R, et al. Oral vitamin versus intramuscular vitamin for vitamin deficiency: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
Fam Pract.
2006 Jun; 23 (3): 279–85.

68
. Vidal-Alaball J, Butler CC, Cannings-John R, et al. Oral vitamin B
₁₂
versus intramuscular vitamin for vitamin deficiency.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2005 Jul 20; (3): CD004655.

69
. Freeman AG. Hydroxocobalamin versus cyanocobalamin.
J R Soc Med.
1996 Nov; 89 (11): 659.

70
. Watanabe F, Takenaka S, Kittaka-Katsura H, et al. Characterization and bioavailability of vitamin B-compounds from edible algae. J
Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).
2002 Oct; 48 (5): 325–31.

71
. Watanabe F. Vitamin sources and bioavailability.
Exp Biol Med (Maywood).
2007 Nov; 232 (10): 1266–74.

72
. Watanabe F, Takenaka S, Katsura H, Masumder SA, Abe K, Tamura Y, Nakano Y. Dried green and purple lavers (Nori) contain substantial amounts of biologically active vitamin but less of dietary iodine relative to other edible seaweeds.
J Agric Food Chem.
1999 Jun; 47 (6): 2341–43.

73
. Croft MT, Lawrence AD, Raux-Deery E, et al. Algae acquire vitamin B
₁₂
through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria.
Nature.
2005 Nov 3; 438 (7064): 90–93.

Chapter 12. Salt and Sugar: The Scapegoats of the Western Diet

Salt References:

1
. Moyer MW. It’s time to end the war on salt.
Sci Am.
2011 July; 304 (7): 24.

2
. Fodor JG, Whitmore B, Leenen F, Larochelle P. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 5. Recommendations on dietary salt. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.
CMAJ.
1999 May 4; 160 (9 Suppl): S29–34.

3
. Hooper L, Bartlett C, Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. Advice to reduce dietary salt for prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2004; (1): CD003656.

4
. Cohen HW, Hailpern SM, Alderman MH. Sodium Intake and Mortality Follow-Up in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).
Gen Intern Med.
2008 Sep; 23 (9): 1297–1302.

5
. Adrogue HJ and Madias NE. Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
N Engl J Med.
2007 May 10; 356 (19): 1966–78.

6
. Hollenberg NK, Martinez G, McCullough M, et al. Aging, acculturation, salt intake, and hypertension in the Kuna of Panama.
Hypertension.
1997 Jan; 29 (1 Pt 2): 171–76.

7
. Craig WJ. Health effects of vegan diets.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2009 May; 89 (5): 1627S–33S.

8
. Cohen HW, Hailpern SM, Alderman MH. Salt intake and cardiovascular mortality.
Am J Med.
2007 Jan; 120 (1): e7.

9
. Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, et al. European Project on Genes in Hypertension (EPOGH) Investigators. Fatal and nonfatal outcomes, incidence of hypertension, and blood pressure changes in relation to urinary sodium excretion.
JAMA.
2011 May 4; 305 (17): 1777–85.

10
. Taylor RS, Ashton KE, Moxham T, et al. Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Cochrane review).
Am J Hypertens.
2011 Aug; 24 (8): 843–53. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2011.115.

11
. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jürgens G. Effects of low-sodium diet vs. high-sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride (Cochrane Review).
Am J Hypertens.
2012 Jan; 25 (1): 1–15. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2011.210.

12
. L. Dahl. Salt intake and salt need.
N Engl J Med.
1958 Jun 12; 258 (24): 1205–8.

Sugar References:

13
. Bolton-Smith C and Woodward M. Dietary composition and fat to sugar ratios in relation to obesity.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.
1994 Dec; 18 (12): 820–28.

14
. Janket SJ, Manson JE, Sesso H, et al. A prospective study of sugar intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women.
Diabetes Care.
2003 Apr; 26 (4): 1008–15.

15
. Kitagawa T. Increased incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus among Japanese schoolchildren correlates with an increased intake of animal protein and fat.
Clin Pediatr (Phila).
1998 Feb; 37 (2): 111–15.

16
. Llanos G. Diabetes in the Americas.
Bull Pan Am Health Organ.
1994 Dec; 28 (4): 285–301.

17
. Egede LE and Dagogo-Jack S. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: focus on ethnic minorities.
Med Clin North Am.
2005 Sep; 89 (5): 949–75, viii.

18
. ADA recommends high carbohydrate intake:
http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-research/summaries/anderson-carbs.jsp

19
. Kiehm TG, Anderson JW, Ward K. Beneficial effects of a high carbohydrate, high fiber diet on hyperglycemic diabetic men.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1976 Aug; 29 (8): 895–99.

20
. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Marchie A, Jenkins AL, Augustin LS, Ludwig DS, Barnard ND, Anderson JW. Type 2 diabetes and the vegetarian diet.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2003 Sep; 78 (3 Suppl): 610S–16S.

21
. Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, et al. A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care.
2006 Aug; 29 (8): 1777–83.

22
. Poppitt SD, Keogh GF, Prentice AM, et al. Long-term effects of ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on body weight and serum lipids in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2002 Jan; 75 (1): 11–20.

23
. Teff KL, Elliott SS, Tschop M, et al. Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2004 Jun; 89 (6): 2963–72.

24
. Jequier E and Bray GA. Low-fat diets are preferred.
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2002 Dec 30; 113 Suppl 9B: 41S–46S.

25
. Saris WH. Glycemic carbohydrate and body weight regulation.
Nutr Rev.
2003 May; 61 (5 Pt 2): S10–16.

26
. Anderson GH and Woodend D. Effect of glycemic carbohydrates on short-term satiety and food intake.
Nutr Rev.
2003 May; 61 (5 Pt 2): S17–26.

27
. Holt SH, Miller JC, Petocz P, Farmakalidis E. A satiety index of common foods.
Eur J Clin Nutr.
1995 Sep; 49 (9): 675–90.

28
. Hawley JA. Effect of meal frequency and timing on physical performance.
Br J Nutr.
1997 Apr; 77 Suppl 1: S91–103.

29
. Walton P. Glycaemic index and optimal performance.
Sports Med.
1997 Mar; 23 (3): 164–72.

30
. Vidon C. Effects of isoenergetic high-carbohydrate compared with high-fat diets on human cholesterol synthesis and expression of key regulatory genes of cholesterol metabolism.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2001 May; 73 (5): 878–84.

31
. Schaefer EJ. Body weight and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol changes after consumption of a low-fat ad libitum diet.
JAMA.
1995 Nov 8; 274 (18): 1450–55.

32
. Schwarz JM, Linfoot P, Dare D, Aghajanian K. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis in normoinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic subjects consuming high-fat, low-carbohydrate and low-fat, high-carbohydrate isoenergetic diets.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2003 Jan; 77 (1): 43–50.

33
. Welsh JA, Sharma A, Abramson JL, Vaccarino V, Gillespie C, Vos MB. Caloric sweetener consumption and dyslipidemia among US adults.
JAMA.
2010 Apr 21; 303 (15): 1490–97.

34
. Reiser S, Hallfrisch J, Michaelis OE 4th, et al. Isocaloric exchange of dietary starch and sucrose in humans. I. Effects on levels of fasting blood lipids.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1979 Aug; 32 (8): 1659–69.

35
. Hudgins C H. Human fatty acid synthesis is reduced after the substitution of dietary starch for sugar.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1998 Apr; 67 (4): 631–39.

36
. Bantle JP, Raatz SK, Thomas W, Georgopoulos A. Effects of dietary fructose on plasma lipids in healthy subjects.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2000 Nov; 72 (5): 1128–34.

37
. Zero DT. Sugars—the arch criminal?
Caries Res.
2004 May–Jun; 38 (3): 277–85.

38
. Cox TM. The genetic consequences of our sweet tooth.
Nat Rev Genet.
2002 Jun; 3 (6): 481–87.

Underscored
page references indicate boxed text and tables.
Boldface
references indicate illustrations and photographs.