The Story of French (62 page)

Islam, its resistance to colonizing efforts

Israel.
See also
Alliance israélite universelle (AIU); Hebrew (language)

Italian (language)

Ivory Coast

independence in

possible creolization in

Japanese (language)

Jarislowski, Stephen

Jarmarche, Samir

Jean, Michaëlle

Jelloun, Tahar Ben

Jennings, Geraint

Jèrriais (language).
See
Norman-French (language)

Jersey, Isle of

Johnson, Samuel

Jolliet, Louis

Jones, William

Kabwe-Segatti, Désiré K. Wa

Kader, Samir

Kant, Immanuel

Kaufman, Edy

King, William Lyon Mackenzie

Klinkenberg, Jean-Marie

Kourouma, Amadou

Kouyaté, Ibrahima

Ku Klux Klan, anti-French activities of

Kundera, Milan

Labatt, John Kinder

La Boétie (Montaigne’s friend)

La Fayette, Madame de

La Fontaine, Jean de

la Ramée, Pierre de

La Salle, René-Robert Cavelier de

Laferrière, Dany

Lagrange, Joseph Louis de

Lalonde, Michèle

Lamartine, Alphonse de

Lambert, Madame De.
See
De Lambert, Madame

Lambrecht, Xavier

Lancelot, Claude

language

competition for control of

difficulties in defining speakers of

difficulties with statistics about

as geocultural

incorrectly perceived threats to

mental domains of

as a recent aspect of statehood

language protection

Académie Française and

aggressive policies for

in France

in Quebec

widespread attempts at

Larousse, Pierre

Latin

banned in France

its decline in 16th C. France

its decline in 17th C. France

eclipse of in France

restricted usage of

its usage in French science

Laurendeau, André

Lavoisier, Antoine de

Law 101 (Quebec language law)

Le Monde

League of Nations

Lebanon.
See
Syria & Lebanon

Leblanc, Dudley (senator)

Le Breton, Clarence

Le Centre culturel français (Jerusalem)

Lecherbonnier, Bernard

Leclerc, Felix

Leclerc, General (Napoleon’s brother-in-law)

Leclerc, Jacques

Léger, Jean-Marc

Leopold I, (king)

Leopold II, (king)

Lesage, Jean

Lesotho

Lesseps, Ferdinand de

Leven, Narcisse

Lévesque, Father Georges-Henri

Lévesque, René

Lewis, Meriwether

lexicon, defined

Librairie Vice Versa

lingua franca,
defined

linguistic patriotism, as geocultural playing card

Littré, Emile

Livingstone, David

Locke, John

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth

Lopez, Stéphane

loucherbem
(pig-Latin language)

Louis XIV, (king)

Louis XV, (king)

Louis XVI, (king)

Louis XIII, (king)

Louis XVIII, (king)

Louis-Philippe, (king)

Louis, Antoine

Louisiana (Greater)

Louisiana (state), French language & law in

the Louisiana Purchase (1803)

la louisianisation,

L’Ouverture, General Toussaint

Lumière, Louis

Lusignan, Professor Serge

Ly, Amadou

Maalouf, Amin

Madinier, Bénédicte

Maigret, Louis

Maillet, Antonine

Makine, André

Malherbe, François de

his contributions

his personality

Malinké (language)

Malraux, André

Manesse, Danièle

Manet, Édouard

Mans, Jacques Peletier du.
See
du Mans, Jacques Peletier

Marie-Antoinette

Marie-Louise d’Orléans, (queen)

Marquer, Alain

Marquette, Jacques

Martel, Pierre

Martinique island

slave revolts on

Mas, Cézette du.
See
du Mas, Cézette

Mauritius (Île-de-France)

MC Solaar

McCrum, Robert

Médici, Catherine de’

Ménard, Marc

Mérimée, Prosper

Meternich, Prince

Métis rebellion in Manitoba

metric measure, development of

Meunier, Jacques

Michel, Albin

Michelin, Édouard

Millet, Jean-François

Minuit, Pieter

missionaries (French)

as colonial assistants

as explorers

as Republicans

as teachers

Mission laïque française

Mistral, Frédéric

Mobutu, Sese Seko

Molière

Monaco

Monet, Jean

Mont, Pierre Du Gua de.
See
de Mont, Pierre Du Gua

Montaigne, Michel de

schooled in Latin

Montaignier, Luc

Montesquieu

Montgolfier, Jacques Étienne & Joseph Michel

More, Thomas

Morellet, Abbé André

Morocco

Motion Picture Association of America

Moussa (language)

Moynierer, Gustave

Nadeau, Jean-Benoît

background of

critiques of his spoken French

Nader, Ralph

Napoleon II

Napoleon III

Napoleon Bonaparte

his ultimate defeat

sells Louisiana

Napoleonic Code.
See
the Civil Code (Napoleonic)

Necker, Jacques

New Caledonia

New England colonies, early settlement of

New France.
See also
French Canadians; Quebec

early settlement of

militaristic nature of

Newton, Isaac

Nicot, Jean

Noël, François

Nollet, Jean Antoine

the Norman people

Norman-French (language)

the
norme

francophone attachment to

imperviousness to argot of

thought to be Parisian French

Norse (language)

North, Xavier

Notre Dame Cathedral, the rescue of

novels, French

Nye, Joseph

Occitan (language)

oc
languages

eclipse of the

Office de la langue française (France)

Office de la langue française (Quebec)

Official Languages Act
(Canada, 1969)

oïl
languages.
See also
Walloon

the triumph of

Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts

Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.
See
Francophonie (organization)

Organization for African Unity

Orsenna, Erik

Pailleterie, Antoine Davy de la.
See
de la Pailleterie, Antoine Davy

Palsgrave, John

Papin, Denis

Paris (city)

as a centre for science & industry

early settlement of

as a magnet for grand-tourism

naming of

Paris, Gaston

Paris Match
(magazine)

Parti Québécois

Pascal, Blaise

Pasteur, Louis

patois
(languages)

defined

low status of

Pearson, Lester

Peckham, Robert (Tennessee Bob)

Pelchat, Michel

Pellisson, Paul

Perrault, Charles

Perret, Jacques

Personne, Laurent

Petrus Ramus.
See
la Ramée, Pierre de

Philippe Augustus, (king)

phonetics, defined

Piaf, Edith

Picasso, Pablo

Picoche, Jacqueline

pidgin language

Pillonel, Barnard

Pilon, Robert

Pitt, William (the Elder)

Pivot, Bernard

plague.
See
the Black Plague

Plamondon, Luc

the Pléiade poets

plurilingualism

defined

promotion of

the value of

Polo, Marco

Pol Pot

Polynesia

Pompadour, Madame de

Pompidou, Georges

Pondicherry, India

Portugal

Portuguese (language)

postal service, early French

Poubelle, Eugène

printing presses, influences of

the Prix Goncourt

Protestantism

in sixteenth-century France

the rise of

Provençal (language)

purism. See
puriste

puriste

advantages of

drawbacks of

education as a force for

effects following from

embraced by the Académie

the French concept of

illusory assumptions about

limits on reaching the ideal of

mocked or derided

modern French debates about

ultraconservative nature of

Quebec.
See also
French Canadians; New France

cultural diplomacy and

efforts to protect the culture of

its foreign affairs disputes with Canada

francophone advancement in

French language development in

isolation from France of its francophones

its language laws and protections

separation referenda in

separatist sentiment in

transformation of francophone society in

the
Quebec Act,

Québécois.
See
French Canadians

Queneau, Raymond

Rabelais, François

Racan, Honorat de

Racine, Jean Baptiste

Radio-Canada (French division)

Radisson, Pierre-Esprit

Rambouillet, Marquise de

Réaumur, René de

Reclus, Onésime

Red Cross (International), founding of

Régie de la langue française (Quebec)

remarquistes,
the French culture of

Renaud (French singer)

Renault, Louis

Renoir, Pierre Auguste

Réunion island

Reuters, Julius

Revere, Paul

Rey, Alain

Rhodes, Alexandre de

Richard, Maurice

Richard, Zachary

Richelet, César-Pierre

Richelieu, Cardinal

his personality & acts

Riel, Louis

Ritz, César

Rivarol, Antoine de

Robespierre, Maximilien de

Robichaud, Louis

Robitaille, Louis-Bernard

Rodgers, Raymond Spencer

Roget, Peter Mark

Romain Gary (bookstore)

Romance (language)

its contributions to English

the Roman Empire

rise of

Romania, French influence upon

Romanian (language)

Romanticism

Ronsard, Pierre de

Roosevelt, Franklin

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

Rousseau, Théodore

Rowling, J.K.

Roy, Gabrielle

Roy, Jean-Louis

Royal Spanish Language Academy

Rozier, François Pilâtre de

Russian (language), rise & fall in importance of

Saint-Domingue.
See
Haiti

Salon, Albert

salon culture, the raise of

Sartre, Jean-Paul

Satie, Erik

Sauvegeau, Philippe

Sax, Adolphe

Saxons

Schiller, Johann Friedrich von

schools, in French.
See also
French (language), schools to teach the

Schwab, Jean-Christ

Scottish merchant immigration to Canada

Scudéry, Madame de

Secord, Laura

semaphore telegraphy

Semprun, Jorge

Senegal

colonization of

independence in

recent diplomatic efforts by

Senghor, Léopold Sédar

Seven Years War (1756–63)

the Seychelles

Shakespeare, William

Sihamoni, Norodom

Sihanouk, Norodom, (King of Cambodia)

Sixty Million Frenchmen Can’t Be Wrong
(book)

slang.
See
French (language),
argot
and slavery, post-revolution evolution of

slave trade (African)

Société de développement des entreprises culturelles (Society for the Development of Cultural Enterprises) (SODEC)

Société du parler français au Canada

Société St-Jean Baptiste,

SODEC.
See
Société de développement des entreprises culturelles (Society for the Development of Cultural Enterprises) (SODEC)

the Sorbonne.
See also
universities (French)

South Korea, efforts to protect the culture of

Spain

Spanish (language)

Spanish flu, its effects in France

Staël, Madame de

Stanley, Henry Morgan

Statute of Pleadings (England, 1362)

Sterne, Laurence

Strauss-Khan, Dominique

the Suez Canal

sugar trade

Suleiman the Magnificent

Swift, Jonathan

Switzerland.
See also
French (language), in Switzerland; Geneva

cultural diplomacy and

French language development in

Syria & Lebanon

Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de

Tamazight (language)

tchatche,

Tebbal, Abdelkader

technology, its impact on languages

Tencin, Madame De.
See
De Tencin, Madame

Terminology Bank (Quebec)

Terror (the French)

Thogmartin, Clyde

Tocqueville, Alexis de

“tongue troopers”.
See
Commission of Protection (Quebec)

Tory, Geoffroy

Toubon, Jacques

trade.
See
fur trade; slave trade; sugar trade

Traisnel, Christopher

Treaty of Utrecht

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Vienna

Tremblay, Michel

Trichet, Jean-Claude