The Sugar Barons (69 page)

p. 162

more than twice as many white people were buried than baptised in Barbados. A comparative analysis …: Dunn, ‘Barbados Census of 1689’, 71.

p. 162

‘snatched away (alas!) too quickly’: MacMurray,
Records of Two City Parishes,
316.

p. 162

‘Jamaca peper welle pickled in good wineger … green ginger and yams’: Drax, ‘Instructions which I would have observed’ 601.

p. 162

‘
Honor
, Thomas Warner commander’: Hotten,
Original Lists of Persons of Quality
, 363.

p. 162

he left £2,000 for the establishment of a ‘free school and college’ in St Michael: Henry Drax will, B. Arch. RB6/12, 358.

p. 162

‘utterly debauched both in Principallls and Morals’: ibid.

p. 162

‘the gaiety of their dress and equipage’: Schomburgk,
History of Barbados
, 111fn.

p. 164

‘fell into a violent burning of the stomach’: Hughes,
Natural History of Barbados,
55.

p. 164

‘fraudulent proceedings’:
Cal Col
1677–80, no. 277.

p. 164

‘needless impositions’: Willoughby to Thomas Povey, 14 November 1672, BL Egerton MSS 2395, fol. 483.

p. 164

was also stripped of his command of one of the island’s militia regiments:
Cal Col
1669–74, nos. 1104, 1054.

p. 164

‘a great prejudice against Codrington … and has the power … and the will to ruin him’:
Cal Col
1669–74, no. 878.

p. 164

‘was no fit man to be councilor’: Schomburgk,
History of Barbados
, 295.

p. 165

Christopher is recorded as owning 600 acres in the parish:
Cal Col
1669–74, no. 1101.

p. 165

a still-house containing four large rum stills: Butler, ‘Mortality and Labour’, 49.

p. 165

the largest covered punch bowl ever recorded: Oliver,
History of the Island of Antigua
, 1:153.

p. 165

‘Christopher Codrington of this Island … lett them come with what Authoritie or force they could’: Donnan,
Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade
, 1:241.

p. 165

‘guided only by his owne will’: John Style letter, January 1669, PRO CO 25/1, p.2.

p. 166

influential courtiers in London:
Cal Col
1677–80, no. 1501.

p. 166

to pay back nearly £600 of allegedly stolen money:
Cal Col
1681–5, no. 832.

p. 166

she would later unsuccessfully try to retrieve her property:
Cal Col
1677–80, no. 468.

p. 166

two whites and 10 black slaves registered as living on the property in 1678: Oliver,
History of the Island of Antigua
, 1, lix.

p. 166

60-square-mile island of Barbuda, previously granted to James Winthrop in 1668. ibid.,1:170.

p. 166

he raised a mortgage on the Barbados properties of just over £4,000, and another £7,000 the next year: Harlow,
Christopher Codrington,
15n.

p. 166

‘if estate lost or taken by enemies …’: John Codrington will, B. Arch. RB6/40,
p. 167
.

p. 167

‘Keeps Continually about him a Seraglio of mulatoes and negro women and has by them no less than 4 or 5 bastards’: PRO CO 152/2/83.

p. 167

‘Mary Codrington … & £200 to the latter at 21’: Oliver,
History of the Island of Antigua
1:151.

p. 167

Antigua had a population …: ibid., 1:lxi.

p. 167

fewer than 70 slaves per man, while in Barbados the island’s councillors had nearly 200 each: Dunn,
Sugar and Slaves
, 128.

p. 167

‘armed with guns’ flee to the interior of Antigua:
Cal Col
1685–88, no. 1175.

p. 167

‘his leg cut off’: ibid., no. 1189.

p. 167

‘Negroe George’, captured and sentenced to ‘be burned to ashes’: ibid., no. 1193.

p. 168

‘the spawne of Newgate and Bridewell’: Jeaffreson,
A Young Squire
, 1:258.

p. 169

‘If thou didst see those great persons that are now dead upon the water’: quoted in Dunn,
Sugar and Slaves
, 187.

p. 169

‘made slaves … and there used with the utmost of Rigor and severity’: Robertson, ‘Re-writing the English Conquest of Jamaica’, 834.

p. 169

‘and in return receive only ingratitude’:
Cal Col
1681–85, no. 16.

p. 169

‘are daily taking all ships they can master, and are very high’:
Cal Col
1675–6, no. 735.

p. 170

‘then took away with him her maiden daughter, Rachel Barrow of about 14 years’: PRO CO 137/1, 193–6.

p. 170

A map drawn in 1677 shows a duel with pistols in motion: Dunn,
Sugar and Slaves
, 149.

p. 170

‘had always been his friend, but the drink and other men’s quarrels made them fall out’: BL Add. MSS 12430, fol. 30.

p. 170

only four priests for the entire island: Bridenbaughs,
No Peace Beyond the Line
, 380.

p. 170

‘As to the present state of the Island’:
Cal Col
1675–6, no. 735.

p. 170

having increased tenfold since 1671: Dunn,
Sugar and Slaves
, 169.

p. 170

from 57 in 1671 to 246 in 1684: Bridenbaughs,
No Peace Beyond the Line
, 295.

p. 171

some £4,000 a year from his sugar plantations: 25 February 1684,
Cal Col
1681–5, no. 1553.

p. 171

The Drax Hall estate would soon have more than 300 slaves: Armstrong,
Old Village and the Great House
, 36.

p. 172

slaves that cost £17 in Barbados, Beckford complained, were priced at £24 in Jamaica: Bridenbaughs,
No Peace Beyond the Line
, 259.

p. 172

‘The Royal Company now begin to supply us well, there being two Shipps with 700 Negroes in port’: ibid, 262.

p. 172

by 1680, the black population of Jamaica had surpassed that of the white: ibid., 227.

p. 172

‘many families were murdered … destroyed most the Plantations in St Mary’s parish’: PRO CO 140/2, 447–9.

p. 172

‘so trusty a negro … I would have put my life in his hands’: quoted in Amussen,
Caribbean Exchanges
, 169.

p. 173

‘master live at ease at full feed tables’: Buisseret,
Jamaica in 1687
, 266.

p. 173

‘All matters considered, I judge our husbandmen in Connecticut’: Bridenbaughs,
No Peace Beyond the Line
, 218n.

p. 173

‘misery of the slaves’, ‘whom the sun and tormenting insects in the field are like to devour’: Buisseret,
Jamaica in 1687
, 247.

p. 173

castrated or had a foot or hand chopped off. Sloane,
A Voyage to the Islands
: 1:lvii.

p. 173

‘the fire was upon his breast he was burning near 3 hours before he died’: quoted in Amussen,
Caribbean Exchanges
, 168.

p. 174

‘After they are whipped till they are raw’: Sloane,
A Voyage to the Islands
, 1:lvii.

p. 174

the word ‘sometimes’ perhaps betraying his unease: Amussen,
Caribbean Exchanges
, 170.

p. 174

‘for the wasps, merrywings and other insects to torment’: Buisseret,
Jamaica in 1687
, 270.

p. 174

‘unaccessible mountains and rocks’: PRO CO 138/5, 87–102.

p. 174

‘great troble and expence’: Buisseret,
Jamaica in 1687
, 278.

p. 174

‘so scandalous an Assembly was never chosen’:
Cal Col
1689–92, no. 1689.

p. 175

‘the Store House or Treasury of the West Indies’: Cundall,
Historic Jamaica
, 51.

p. 175

In one year in the late 1680s, 213 ships docked at Port Royal: Colley,
Ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh
, 4.

p. 175

‘as dear-rented as if they stood in well-traded streets in London … but only made up of a hot loose Sand’: Blome,
Description of the Island of Jamaica
, 31–2.

p. 175

‘being sumptuously arrayed and served by their Negroa slaves’: Buisseret,
Jamaica in 1687
, 238.

p. 175

‘English servants to manage their chiefe affaire and supervise their Negroa slaves’: ibid., 245–7.

p. 176

‘live here very well, earning thrice the wages given in England’: ibid., 241.

p. 176

‘with a couple of Negroes at her tail’: Bush, ‘White “Ladies”, Coloured “Favourites” and Black “Wenches”’, 249.

p. 176

‘many taverns, and an abundance of punchy houses, or rather may be fitly called brothel houses’: Buisseret,
Jamaica in 1687
, 239.

p. 176

living with his young family in Port Royal:
Cal Col
1681–5, no. 1311.

p. 176

‘In his debauches, which go on every day and night, he is much magnified’: ibid., no. 1348.

p. 176

Black Dogg, Blue Anchor, Catt & Fiddle, Sign of Bacchus: exhibition in Jamaica Institute, Kingston.

p. 177

‘Lean, sallow coloured, his eyes a little yellowish … sitting up late’: Sloane,
A Voyage to the Islands
, 1:xcviii.

p. 177

‘very loose … by reason of privateers and debauched wild blades which come hither’: Buisseret,
Jamaica in 1687
, 240.

p. 177

constant orders from London for the suppression of their ‘mischief’:
Cal Col
1681–5, no. 11.

p. 177

force all the onlookers at pistol point to drink: Leslie,
A New and Exact Account of Jamaica
, 101.

p. 177

‘by giving themselves to all manner of debauchery’: Esquemeling,
Bucaniers of America
, 1:106.

p. 177

‘now more rude and antic than ‘ere was Sodom’: Buisseret,
Jamaica in 1687
, 240.

p. 177

‘to keep up some show of religion among a most ungodly and debauched people’: Anon.,
A full Account of the Late Dreadful Earthquake
, 1.

p. 177

‘whole streets sinking under Water’: Anon.,
A True and Perfect Relation
, 1.

p. 177

‘a great part of the inhabitants [were] miserably knocked on the head or drowned’: June 20 1692,
Cal Col
1689–92, no. 2278.

p. 178

‘hanging by the hands upon the Rack of Chimney, and one of his Children hanging about his Neck’: Anon.,
A True and Perfect Relation
, 1.

p. 178

‘some inhabitants were swallowed up to the Neck, and then the Earth shut upon them; and squeezed them to death’: Anon.,
A full Account of the Late Dreadful Earthquake
, 2.

p. 178

One so trapped was Peter Beckford: Anon.,
A True and Perfect Relation,
1.

p. 178

‘intolerable stench’: Anon.,
The truest and largest account of the late Earthquake
, 5.

p. 178

‘Mr Beckford’s two daughters’: Anon.,
A True and Perfect Relation
, 1.

p. 178

‘as a Fore-runner of the Terrible Day of the Lord’:
Cal Col
1689–92, nos. 2302, 2278.

p. 178

‘many of the old Reprobates are become New Converts; those that use to Mock at Sin, Now Weep bitterly for it’: Anon.,
A True and Perfect Relation
, 1.

p. 178

emptying their pockets or cutting off fingers to get at rings: Anon.,
The truest and largest account of the late Earthquake
, 6.

p. 178

‘threw down all the churches, dwelling houses and sugar works in the island’:
Cal Col
1689–92, no. 2278.

p. 179

‘the hurtful Vapours belch’d from the many openings of the earth’: Cundall,
Historic Jamaica
, 150.

p. 179

‘lying wet, and wanting medicines … they died miserably in heaps’: Sir Hans Sloane, quoted in Renny,
An History of Jamaica
, 229.

p. 179

‘our strongest Houses demolisht, our Arms broken … might be stirred up to rise in Rebellion against us’: Anon.,
The truest and largest account of the late Earthquake
, 11.