The Sugar Barons (66 page)

p. 67

Sir Robert Schomburgk,
History of Barbados
, v.

p. 67

to provide a roast turkey dinner for everyone in hearing. Ligon,
A True and Exact History
, 57.

p. 67

‘without the friendshipe of the perliment and free trade of London ships we are not able to subsist’: Bell to Hay, 21 July 1645: Bridenbaughs,
No Peace Beyond the Line
, 158.

p. 68

through the cultivation of his influential wife. ‘A. B.’,
A Brief relation
, 2.

p. 68

‘heart-burnings’ ‘towards those that wished the Parliament prosperity’: ibid., 3.

p. 68

‘by the malice and false suggestion of Sir James Drax and others’: Harlow,
History of Barbados
, 47.

p. 68

‘malignant’:
Cal Col
1574–1660,
p. 384
.

p. 68

Bermuda, which had declared for the King in late August 1649: Pestana,
English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution
, 91.

p. 68

‘quietest and most peaceable wayes of sending these malignants into Exile’: ‘A. B.’,
A Brief relation
, 3.

p. 68

better to kill than to exile the ‘Independent’ Roundheads, to prevent them stirring up trouble in England: Davis,
Cavaliers and Roundheads of Barbados
, 173n.

p. 69

‘the worse for Liquour’: ibid., 144.

p. 69

‘Colonel Drax, that devout Zealot of the deeds of the Devill’: Foster,
A Briefe relation of the late Horrid Rebellion
, 24.

p. 69

‘sheathed my sword in [Drax’s] Bowells’, ‘My ayme is Drax, Middleton and the rest’: Davis,
Cavaliers and Roundheads of Barbados
, 148.

p. 69

‘the Independent doggs’ who refused to ‘drink to the Figure II’: Harlow,
History of Barbados
, 52.

p. 69

‘That no man should take up Armes, nor act in any hostile manner upon paine of death’: Foster,
A Briefe relation of the late Horrid Rebellion
, 37.

p. 70

had his ‘tongue … bored through with a hot iron’: Schomburgk,
History of Barbados
, 271.

p. 70

‘vast quantities of Flesh and Fish’: Davis,
Cavaliers and Roundheads of Barbados
, 169fn.

p. 70

Drax had corresponded from Barbados: BL Stowe MSS 184, fols. 124–7.

p. 70

‘notorious robbers and traitors’ … ordering a trade embargo: Bliss,
Revolution and Empire,
61.

p. 71

‘All Ships of Any Foreign Nation whatsoever’: Sheridan,
Sugar and Slavery
, 39.

p. 71

‘it shall cost them more than it is worth before they have it’: Schomburgk,
History of Barbados
, 274.

p. 71

‘In truth this would be a slavery far exceeding all that the English nation hath yet suffered’: ibid., 706.

p. 71

Drax’s cargo consisted of a valuable consignment of horses:
Cal Col
1574–1660,
p. 345
.

p. 71

seven warships carrying 238 guns and somewhere near 1,000 men: Clarke, ‘Imperial Forces in Barbados’, 174.

p. 71

Roundhead refugees had reported that conquest of the island would be easy: Davis,
Cavaliers and Roundheads of Barbados
, 173.

p. 72

‘so great was the repulse which they received, that they was inforced to make good their Retreat’: Anon.,
Bloudy Newes
, 8.

p. 72

to ‘manfully fight’ ‘with our utmost power’ for ‘ye defence of this Island’: Harlow,
History of Barbados
, 72.

p. 72

Drax himself was sent ashore to contact Thomas Modyford: ‘A. B.’,
A Brief relation
, 9.

p. 72

‘want of necessary refreshment brought our men into ye scurvye’: Bodleian, Oxford, Tanner MSS 55, fol. 141.

p. 73

‘ye Seamen runninge in upon ye Enemye’: ibid., fols. 141–2b.

p. 74

‘the soldiers could scarce keep a match lighted’:
Cal Col
1574–1660,
p. 375
.

p. 74

‘seeing that the fire is now dispersed in the bowels of the island’: Willoughby to Ayscue, 9 January 1652, ibid.,
p. 372
.

p. 74

‘as great freedom of trade as ever’:
Cal Col
1675–6, 1574–1674, Addenda no. 199.

p. 77

‘… since the Climate is so hot, and the labour so constant.’ Tyron,
Friendly Advice
, 201–2.

p. 77

Drax Hall, built, it seems, some time in the early 1650s: a piece of copper guttering has the date 1653, although it is possible this is from an earlier structure.

p. 77

‘unsatisfied spirits’: Gragg,
Englishmen Transplanted
, 53.

p. 77

‘more violent’:
Cal Col
1574–1660,
p. 410
.

p. 77

Drax and Modyford were organising petitions to Cromwell: ibid.,
p. 413
.

p. 77

Drax sold to fellow Barbadians Robert Hooper and Martin Bentley ‘one-eighth part of the Ship
Samuel
and one-eight part of Pinnace
Hope
’: Brandow,
Genealogies of Barbados Families
, 339.

p. 78

James, aged about 15, Henry, about 12, and John, 11: Oliver,
History of the Island of Antigua
, 1:149.

p. 78

William (in London since at least June 1653):
Cal Col
1574–1660, p. 451.

p. 78

A loan of £1,000 to two of Margaret’s brothers: Drax will, PRO PROB/11/307.

p. 78

Margaret gave birth to a stillborn child, Bamfield, before the end of the year: MacMurray,
Records of Two City Parishes
, 332.

p. 78

James Drax started buying up land in various parts of England: PRO E/134/33Chas2/East2.

p. 78

‘[On] the day of his departure’: Handler, ‘Father Antoine Biet’s Visit’, 69.

p. 79

‘far better here … than ours do in England’: Whistler,
Journal of the West India Expedition
, 145–6 (9 February 1655).

p. 79

‘ladies and young women as well dressed as in Europe’: Handler, ‘Father Antoine Biet’s Visit’, 67–8.

p. 79

‘many men loaded, and almost half melting’: Hillary,
Observations on the Changes of the Air
, ix–x.

p. 80

‘The wealth of the island consists of sugar’: Handler, ‘Father Antoine Biet’s Visit’, 66.

p. 80

By the early 1650s, England was importing 5,000 tons of Barbadian sugar annually: Menard, ‘Plantation Empire’, 310.

p. 80

The price of sugar in 1652 was less than half that of 1646, and it would continue to drop: Menard,
Sweet Negotiations
, 69.

p. 80

some 20,000, by 1655: ibid., 31–2.

p. 80

‘like villages … ordinarily handsome [with] many rooms’: Handler, ‘Father Antoine Biet’s Visit’, 65.

p. 80

‘very inferior wood, look[ing] almost like dog-houses’: Gunkel and Handler, ‘A German Indentured Servant’, 92.

p. 81

‘his whole body is drawn in, and he is squeez’d to pieces’: Littleton,
Groans of the Plantations
, 19.

p. 81

‘’tis hard to save either Limb or Life’: ibid., 20.

p. 82

consumption rose as much as fourfold in the 40 years after 1640: Sheridan,
Sugar and Slavery
, 21.

p. 82

‘a hott hellish and terrible liquor’: ‘A Briefe Discription of the ilande of Barbados’, reprinted in Hutson,
English Civil War in Barbados
, 67.

p. 82

‘infinitely strong, but not very pleasant to taste’: Ligon,
A True and Exact History
, 33.

p. 82

the ‘meaner sort’: Colonel Robert Rich, quoted in Ogilby,
America
, 380.

p. 83

‘wondered more that they were not all dead’: quoted in Cundall,
Historic Jamaica
, 51.

p. 83

‘the impoverishing (if not ruine) of many families’: Gragg,
Englishmen Transplanted
, 8.

p. 83

more than 100 taverns in Bridgetown alone. Southey,
Chronological History
, 2:15.

p. 83

‘debaucht’: ‘A Briefe Discription of the ilande of Barbados’, reprinted in Hutson,
English Civil War in Barbados
, 63.

p. 83

‘Drunknes is great, especially among the lower classes’: Handler, ‘Father Antoine Biet’s Visit’, 68.

p. 83

‘nothing lacking in the way of meats …’: ibid., 62.

p. 83

‘After one has dined, and the table has been cleared’: ibid., 62.

p. 83

‘A German for his drinking …’: ‘A Briefe Discription of the ilande of Barbados’, reprinted in Hutson,
English Civil War in Barbados
, 63.

p. 83

the English a tavern: Walduck, ‘T. Walduck’s Letters from Barbados’, 35.

p. 84

‘I did not always go’: Handler, ‘Father Antoine Biet’s Visit’, 62.

p. 84

‘Tortions in the Bowells’: Ligon,
A True and Exact History,
27.

p. 84

‘Most persons who come here from Europe will have to overcome an illness’: Gunkel and Handler, ‘A Swiss Medical Doctor’s description of Barbados’, 5–6.

p. 84

In the West Indies it was as low as 10: Burnard, ‘“The Countrie Continues Sicklie”’, 59.

p. 84

during the 1650s and three times as many deaths as baptisms: Dunn,
Sugar and Slaves
, 77.

p. 85

‘vanity, and folly, and madness’: Rous, ‘A warning to the Inhabitants of Barbadoes’, 1–2.

p. 85

‘a chaos of all Religions … Rogue Island’: Bridenbaugh,
Fat Mutton
, 3–5.

p. 86

‘trade decreased, and the king’s subjects most impoverished’:
Cal Col
1675–6, no. 787.

p. 86

to just over 25,000 a decade later: McCusker and Menard,
Economy of British America
, 153.

p. 87

as many as 60 new vessels: Clarke, ‘Imperial Forces in Barbados’, 175.

p. 88

‘rascally rabble of raw and unexperienced men?’: letter printed in Anon.,
Interesting Tracts
, 91.

p. 88

‘This wose a sad day with our maryed men’: Whistler,
Journal of the West India Expedition
, 145–6 (26 December 1654).

p. 89

the ‘Miserable Thraldome and bondage both Spirituall and Civill’: Firth,
Narrative of General Venables
, 109.

p. 89

the navy was by now over a million and a half pounds in debt. Rodger,
Command of the Ocean
, 39.

p. 89

‘I offer a New World’: Gage,
English-American
, 2.

p. 90

‘The Spaniards cannot oppose much’: Rodger,
Command of the Ocean
, 22.

p. 90

Modyford … advised attacks on Guiana or Cuba. Long,
History of Jamaica
, 1: 222–3.

p. 90

‘to gain an interest in that part of the West Indies in the possession of the Spaniard’: ‘Instructions unto Generall Robert Venables’, 112.

p. 90

‘wil obstruct the passing of the Spaniards Plate Fleete into Europe’: ibid.

p. 91

‘the unfittest man for a commissioner I ever knew employed’: Firth,
Narrative of General Venables
, 60.

p. 91

‘slothful and thievish servants’: ‘I.S.’
A brief and perfect Journal
, 513.

p. 91

‘the looser sort out of hopes of plunder’: Pitman,
Development of the West Indies
, 371.

p. 91

‘old beaten runaways’: Firth,
Narrative of General Venables
, 40.

p. 91

‘A wicked army it was, and sent out without arms or provisions’: ibid., xli.

p. 91

little ammunition or powder was to be found. Taylor,
Western Design
, 18.

p. 91

replacement horses and weapons:
Cal Col
1574–1660,
p. 432
.

p. 92

the commanders were forced to abandon the wait: Anon.,
Interesting Tracts
, 91.

p. 92

‘a people that went to inhabit some country already conquered than to conquer’: ‘I.S.’,
A brief and perfect Journal
, 515.

p. 92

‘into a Great pachon’: Whistler,
Journal of the West India Expedition
, 150. (10 April 1655).

p. 92

‘Wee … Ware asharing the skin before wee had Cached the foxx’: ibid., 150.

p. 92

‘appear afar off like the smoke of ordnance’: Rodger,
Command of the Ocean
, 22.

p. 92

warning beacons appeared in sight on the coast: Whistler,
Journal of the West India Expedition
, 151. (13 April 1655)

p. 93

‘Our very feet scorched through our Shoes’: Firth,
Narrative of General Venables
, 21.

p. 93

‘Our horses and men (the sun being in our zenith) fell down for thirst’: Anon.,
Letters Concerning the English Expedition
, 128.

p. 93

In desperation, men started drinking their own urine: ‘I.S’.,
A brief and perfect Journal
, 515.

p. 93

‘popish trumperie … wasted’: Anon.,
Letters Concerning the English Expedition
, 128–9.

p. 93

‘brought forth a large statue of the Virgin Mary’: ibid., 130.

p. 93

‘extreamly troubled with the Flux’: Firth,
Narrative of General Venables
, 34.

p. 94

‘very nobelly rune behind a tree’: Whistler,
Journal of the West India Expedition
, 154. (17 April 1655).

p. 94

‘The great guns from the fort gawling us much’: Anon.,
Letters Concerning the English Expedition
, 131.

p. 94

‘Lances … a most desperate wepon’: Whistler,
Journal of the West India Expedition
, 155. (17 April 1655).

p. 94

‘the ennimie with light maches’: ibid., 161 (21 April 1655).

p. 95

‘a uery sad condichon, 50 or 60 stouls in a day’: ibid., 156–7 (19 April 1655).

p. 95

‘sufficiently faint and almost choaked of thirst’: ‘I.S.’,
A brief and perfect Journal,
515.

p. 95

‘whom the Negroes and Molattoes soon after dispatched’: ibid., 517.

p. 96

‘in a most sad and lamentable condition’: Anon.,
Letters Concerning the English Expedition
, 134.

p. 96

their army of thousands had been routed by just 200 Spaniards: Anon.,
Letters Concerning the English Expedition
, 136; ‘I.S.,’
A brief and perfect Journal
, 518.

p. 96

‘if all of like nature had been so dealt with, there would not have been many whole swords left in the army’: ‘I.S.,’
A brief and perfect Journal,
518.

p. 96

‘severely chastised’: Long,
History of Jamaica
, 1:232.

p. 96

‘so cowardly as not to be made to fight’: Firth,
Narrative of General Venables
, 30.

p. 96

‘the Disgrace of the army on Hispaniola’: ibid., xi.

p. 96

‘smaller success’: ibid., 34.