The Third Reich at War (141 page)

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Authors: Richard J. Evans

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231
. Erichson,
Abschied
, 27 (letter to brother, 28 July 1942).

232
. Ibid., 77 (letter of 18 August 1942).

233
. Halder,
Kriegstagebuch
, III. 513 (30 August 1942).

234
. Ibid., 517 (4 September 1942), 528 (24 September 1942).

235
. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 408-17, 420-28; Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 531-4; Bernd Wegner, ‘Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum: Deutschlands Kriegf̈hrung zwischen Moskau und Stalingrad’, in F̈rster (ed.),
Stalingrad
, 17-38; Bernd Wegner, ‘The War against the Soviet Union, 1942 - 1943’,
GSWW
VI. 843 - 1,203, at 843 - 1,058.

236
. Heinrich von Einsiedel,
The Shadow of Stalingrad: Being the Diary of a Temptation
(London, 1953), 7 - 8 (24 August 1942).

237
. Ibid., 8-9.

238
. Ibid.; Antony Beevor,
Stalingrad
(London, 1998), 92 - 5.

239
. Ibid., 102 - 31.

240
. Halder,
Kriegstagebuch
, III. 514 (31 August 1942).

241
. Reddemann (ed.),
Zwischen Front und Heimat
, 631 (to Agnes, 3 October 1942).

242
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 536 - 8.

243
. Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 127 - 33, 166 - 77.

244
. Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 291 - 310.

245
. Jens Ebert (ed.),
Feldpostbriefe aus Stalingrad: November 1942 bis Januar 1943
(Munich, 2006 [2000]). See also Katrin A. Kilian, ‘Kriegsstimmungen: Emotionen einfacher Soldaten in Feldpostbriefen’,
DRZW
IX/II. 251 - 88, for the decline in morale and hope for the end of the war, as expressed in soldiers’ letters.

246
. Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 189 - 235.

247
. Ibid., 236-65; see also Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 159-73, and Bellamy,
Absolute War
, 497-53.

248
. Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 266 - 90.

249
. Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 343.

250
. Ebert (ed.),
Feldpostbriefe
, 81.

251
. Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 333 - 6.

252
. Ebert (ed.),
Feldpostbriefe
, 170.

253
. Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 311 - 30.

254
. Ebert (ed.),
Feldpostbriefe
, 216; more generally, ibid., 186-222.

255
. Ibid., 163.

256
. Ibid., 49.

257
. Ibid., 27, 29; the caption to the illustration on 307, claiming the troops were not properly dressed for winter, is belied by the numerous mentions to the contrary in the letters (43, 159, 176, 205).

258
. Ibid., 16, 38, 180, 236, 262.

259
. Anatoly Golovchansky
et al
. (eds.),
‘Ich will raus aus diesem Wahnsinn’: Deutsche Briefe von der Ostfront 1941 - 1945
(Wuppertal, 1991), 164 (31 December 1942).

260
. Groscurth,
Tagebücher
, 532.

261
. Ebert (ed.),
Feldpostbriefe
, 242.

262
. Golovchansky
et al
. (eds.),
‘Ich will raus’
, 205 (10 January 1943).

263
. Ibid., 202 (10 January 1943).

264
. Ibid., 223 (15 January 1943).

265
. Ebert (ed.),
Feldpostbriefe
, 304, 316; similarly on 270, 274, 281, 296, 305.

266
. Rolf Dieter M̈ller, ‘ “Was wir an Hunger ausstehen müssen, k̈nnt Ihr Euch gar nicht denken”: Eine Armee verhungert’, in Wolfram Wette and Gerd R. Ueberscḧr (eds.),
Stalingrad: Mythos und Wirklichkeit einer Schlacht
(Frankfurt am Main, 1992), 131 - 45; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 335 - 8.

267
. Ebert (ed.),
Feldpostbriefe
, 209; similarly on 124, 143, 161, 186.

268
. Ibid., 306.

269
. Ibid., 318, 322 - 4.

270
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XII. 4,698 (18 January 1943).

271
. Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 352 - 73.

272
. Quoted in Ebert (ed.),
Feldpostbriefe
, 341 - 2.

273
. Quoted in ibid., 343.

274
. Ibid., 342 - 4.

275
. Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 374-431; Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 543-57; Groscurth,
Tageb̈cher
, 95; for a detailed account, see Wegner, ‘The War against the Soviet Union’,
GSWW
VI. 1,058 - 72.

276
. Karl-Heinz Frieser,
Krieg hinter Stacheldraht: Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in der Sowjetunion und das Nationalkomitee ‘Freies Deutschland’
(Mainz, 1981), 55, 144-82, 188 - 9, 193 - 5; Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 550 - 51.

277
. Walb,
Ich, die Alte
, 260 (3 February 1943).

278
. Wolfram Wette, ‘Das Massensterben als “Heldenepos”: Stalingrad in der NS-PROPAGANDA’, in Wette and Ueberschär (eds.),
Stalingrad
, 43-60; Heinz Boberach, ‘Stimmungsumschwung in der deutschen Bev̈lkerung’, in ibid., 61-6; Bernhard R. Kroener, ‘ “Nun Volk, steh auf . . . !” Stalingrad und der “totale” Krieg 1942 - 1943’, in F̈rster (ed.),
Stalingrad
, 151-70; Marlis Steinert, ‘Stalingrad und die deutsche Gesellschaft’, in ibid., 171 - 88.

279
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XII. 4,750 - 51 (4 February 1943) (italics in original).

280
. Ibid.

281
. Broszat
et al
. (eds.),
Bayern
I. 633 (Bericht der SD-Hauptaussenstelle Ẅrzburg, 1 February 1943).

282
. Ibid. (Bericht der SD-Aussenstelle Friedberg, 8 February 1943).

283
. Ibid., 164 - 5 (Monatsbericht des Landrats, 2 February 1943).

284
. Hassell,
The von Hassell Diaries
, 284.

285
. Broszat
et al
. (eds.),
Bayern
, I. 633 (Bericht der SD-Hauptaussenstelle Ẅrzburg, 1 February 1943).

286
. Klemperer,
To the Bitter End
, 189 - 92 (5 and 14 February 1943).

287
. Broszat
et al
. (eds.),
Bayern
I. 170 (Monatsbericht der Gendarmerie-Station Muggendorf, 19 March 1943).

288
. Ibid., 170 (Monatsbericht der Gendarmerie-Station Waischenfeld, 19 March 1943).

289
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XIII. 5,146 (19 April 1943).

290
. Cited in Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 548.

291
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XIV. 5,445 (8 July 1943) (italics in original).

292
. Ibid., 5,446 (italics in original); also Hassell,
The von Hassell Diaries
, 294 (March 1943).

293
. Ibid., 5,447 (italics in original).

294
. Willi A. Boelcke (ed.),
‘Wollt Ihr den totalen Krieg?’ Die geheimen Goebbels-Konferenzen 1939 - 1943
(Munich, 1969 [1967]), 414.

295
. The version of the speech here, which differs from the published text, was monitored live by the BBC, and is reproduced from Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 490 - 94. See also Iring Fetscher,
Joseph Goebbels im Berliner Sportpalast 1943: ‘Wollt Ihr den totalen Krieg?’
(Hamburg, 1998) (speech reproduced in ibid., 63 - 98); and G̈nter Moltmann, ‘Goebbels’ Speech on Total War, February 18, 1943’, in Hajo Holborn (ed.),
Republic to Reich: The Making of the Nazi Revolution: Ten Essays
(New York, 1973 [1972]), 298 - 342.

296
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XII. 4,833 (22 February 1943); Moltmann, ‘Goebbels’ Speech’, 337 (for ‘mass hypnosis’).

297
. Ibid., 309 - 16.

298
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 561 - 77.

299
. Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 238-40; Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XIII. 5,136-40 (1 April 1943).

300
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XII. 4,826 - 30 (18 February 1943).

301
. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 353 - 6.

302
. Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 510 - 18.

303
. Ibid.

304
. Overy, ‘Guns or Butter?’, 284 - 6; Josef Wulf,
Presse und Funk im Dritten Reich: Eine Dokumentation
(G̈tersloh, 1964), 374.

305
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, IX. 3,504 - 5 (23 March 1942).

306
. Ibid.

307
. Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 521, 548.

308
. Herbst,
Der totale Krieg
, 171 - 241.

309
. Overy, ‘Guns or Butter?’, 259-64 (263 for the quote), criticizing Alan S. Milward, ‘Hitlers Konzept des Blitzkrieges’, in Andreas Hillgruber (ed.),
Probleme des Zweiten Weltkrieges
(Cologne, 1967), 19-40, and Burton H. Klein,
Germany’s Economic Preparations for War
(Cambridge, Mass., 1959); see also Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 322 - 36, 349 - 50, 477 - 92.

310
. Carroll,
Design for Total War
, 190.

311
. Overy, ‘Guns or Butter?’, 264 - 71.

312
. Ibid., 272; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 353 - 6; Aly,
Hitler’s Beneficiaries
, 295 - 300; Philipp Kratz, ‘Sparen fu ̈r das kleine Glück’, in Götz Aly (ed.),
Volkes Stimme: Skepsis und Führervertrauen im Nationalsozialismus
(Frankfurt am Main, 2006), 59 - 79; Angelika Ebbinghaus, ‘Fakten oder Fiktionen: Wie ist G̈tz Aly zu seinen weitreichenden Schlussfolgerungen gekommen?’,
Sozial.Geschichte
, 20 (2005), 29 - 45, at 32; see also Christoph Buchheim, ‘Die vielen Rechenfehler in der Abrechnung G̈tz Alys mit den Deutschen unter dem NS-Regime’,
Sozial.Geschichte
, 20 (2005), 67 - 76.

313
. Mathilde Wolff-M̈nckeberg,
On the Other Side: To My Children from Germany 1940 - 1945
(London, 1982 [1979]), 96.

314
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XVI. 6,260 - 5 (quote on 6,262).

315
. Overy, ‘Guns or Butter?’, 272 - 84.

316
. Ibid., 285 - 91.

317
. Hassell,
The von Hassell Diaries
, 173.

318
. P̈ppel,
Heaven and Hell
, 101.

319
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XII. 4,831 (22 February 1943) (italics in original).

320
. Broszat
et al
. (eds.),
Bayern
, I. 169 (Landrat Ebermannstadt, Monatsbericht, 2 March 1943).

321
. Ibid., 635 (Bericht der SD-Hauptaussenstelle Ẅrzburg, 22 February 1943).

Chapter 5
. ‘ THE BEGINNING OF THE END’

1
. ‘Aufsatz des Schülers G̈nter R. von der Dreik̈nigschule in Dresden, verfasst am 9. November 1934’, No. 120, in Joachim S. Hohmann and Hermann Langer (eds.),
‘Stolz, ein Deutscher zu sein . . .’: Nationales Selbstversẗndnis in Schulaufsätzen 1914 - 1945
(Frankfurt am Main, 1995), 227 - 8.

2
. Ralf Blank, ‘Kriegsalltag und Luftkrieg an der “Heimatfront” ’,
DRZW
IX/I. 357 - 468, at 358 and 403 - 6.

3
. Ursula B̈ttner, ‘ “Gomorrha” und die Folgen: Der Bombenkrieg’, in Forschungsstelle für Zeitgeschichte in Hamburg (ed.),
Hamburg im ‘Dritten Reich’
(G̈ttingen, 2005), 613 - 32, at 613 - 16; Horst Boog, ‘The Anglo-American Strategic Air War over Europe and German Air Defence’, in
GSWW
VI. 469 - 628, at 478 - 91.

4
. Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, 441 - 2 (9 November 1940).

5
. Boog, ‘The Strategic Air War’, 379 - 406.

6
. Richard Overy,
Why the Allies Won
(London, 1995), 101 - 4 (also for the quotes); Boog, ‘The Anglo-American Strategic Air War’, 492 - 521.

7
. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 572 - 7; Overy,
Why the Allies Won
, 104 - 12; Calvocoressi and Wint,
Total War
, 489-94; Jörg Friedrich,
Der Brand: Deutschland im Bombenkrieg 1940 - 1945
(Munich, 2002), 63 - 85. For a discussion of the doctrine of strategic bombing, its origins and evolution, see Boog, ‘The Anglo-American Strategic Air War’, 469 - 77.

8
. Ibid., 565 - 6, 622 - 3.

9
. Boog, ‘The Strategic Air War’, 367 - 8.

10
. Boog, ‘The Anglo-American Strategic Air War’, 622 - 3.

11
. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 577; Overy,
Why the Allies Won
, 109-10; Calvocoressi and Wint,
Total War
, 494; Friedrich,
Der Brand
, 86 - 7, 179 - 90; Boog, ‘The Anglo-American Strategic Air War’, 558 - 66. The Lancaster was still called the Manchester at this time.

12
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, X. 3,597 - 9 (9 April 1942).

13
. Solmitz,
Tagebuch
, 765 (8 September 1942).

14
. Ibid., 733 (26 April 1942, 29 April 1942).

15
. Overy,
Why the Allies Won
, 117 - 19; Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 578 - 9; Calvocoressi and Wint,
Total War
, 494; Boog, ‘The Anglo-American Strategic Air War’, 566 - 621.

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