The Third Reich at War (145 page)

83
Longerich,
‘Davon’
, 201-62, 325.

84
Boelcke (ed.),
‘Wollt Ihr den totalen Krieg?’
, 410-11 (14-16 December 1942).

85
. As argued in Goldhagen,
Hitler’s Willing Executioners
.

86
. Behnken (ed.),
Deutschland-Berichte
, VII. 157 (7 March 1940).

87
Kershaw,
Hitler, the Germans and the Final Solution
, 119-234.

88
Longerich,
‘Davon’
, 290-91, 326-7.

89
Kulka and Jäckel (eds.),
Die Juden
, 525 (Parteikanzlei Munich, 12 June 1943).

90
. Ibid., 527 (SD-Berichte zu Inlandsfragen, 8 July 1943); see also ibid., 531 (SD-AUSSENSTELLE Schweinfurt, 6 September 1943).

91
Ibid., 528 (SD-Aussenstelle Ẅrzburg, 3 August 1943).

92
. Quoted in Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 652.

93
. Quoted in Wulf,
Presse und Funk
, 37 and 546.

94
. David Welch,
The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda
(London, 2002 [1993]), 159.

95
Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
, II/III. 377 (26 February 1942).

96
Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 207-18.

97
Birthe Kundrus, ‘Totale Unterhaltung? Die kulturelle Kriegf̈hrung 1939 bis 1945 in Film, Rundfunk und Theater’, in
DRZW
IX/I. 93-157; Peter Longerich, ‘Nationalsozialistische Propaganda’, in Karl Dietrich Bracher
et al
. (eds.),
Deutschland 1933-1945: Neue Studien zur nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft
(D̈sseldorf, 1993), 291-314; Kaspar Maase,
Grenzenloses Vergn̈gen: Der Aufstieg der Massenkultur 1850-1970
(Frankfurt am Main, 1997), 206-34; David Welch, ‘Nazi Propaganda and the
Volksgemeinschaft
: Constructing a People’s Community’,
Journal of Contemporary History
, 39 (2004), 213-38.

98
Reported in Jay W. Baird,
The Mythical World of Nazi War Propaganda, 1939-1945
(Minneapolis, Minn., 1974), 30.

99
. Ibid.

100
. Herf,
The Jewish Enemy
, 13, 22-6; Baird,
The Mythical World,
28-31; Aristotle A. Kallis,
Nazi Propaganda and the Second World War
(London, 2005), 47-9, 59-62.

101
Ibid., 40-62.

102
Herf,
The Jewish Enemy
, 59-60.

103
. Oron J. Hale,
The Captive Press in the Third Reich
(Princeton, N.J., 1964), 151, 234, 276-8, 287; William L. Combs,
The Voice of the SS: A History of the SS Journal ‘Das Schwarze Korps’
(New York, 1986); Doris Kohlmann-Viand,
NS-Pressepolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg
(Munich, 1991), 53-63; Richard Grunberger,
A Social History of the Third Reich
(London, 1974 [1971]), 504-5.

104
Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, 189-90.

105
. Jan-Pieter Barbian,
Literaturpolitik im ‘Dritten Reich’: Institutionen, Kompetenzen, Beẗtigungsfelder
(Munich, 1995 [1993]), 238-44, 344-5, 373; Joseph Wulf,
Literatur und Dichtung im Dritten Reich: Eine Dokumentation
(G̈tersloh, 1963), 222-3; Grunberger,
A Social History
, 453-6.

106
Ralf Schnell,
Literarische innere Emigration 1933-1945
(Stuttgart, 1976); Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 149-63.

107
Kundrus, ‘Totale Unterhaltung?’, 114-19.

108
. Shelley Baranowski,
Strength Through Joy: Consumerism and Mass Tourism in the Third Reich
(Cambridge, 2004), 199-230; Kristin Semmens,
Seeing Hitler’s Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich
(London, 2005), 154-86.

109
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, IX. 3,371 (26 February 1942).

110
. Telegram of 27 November 1939, quoted in Friederike Euler, ‘Theater zwischen Anpassung und Widerstand: Die M̈nchner Kammerspiele im Dritten Reich’, in Broszat
et al
., (eds.), Bayern, II. 91-173, at 159.

111
Ibid., 160-72.

112
Kundrus, ‘Totale Unterhaltung?’, 119-21. See also Boguslaw Drewniak,
Das Theater im NS-Staat: Szenarium deutscher Zeitgeschichte 1933-1945
(D̈sseldorf, 1983). For film and newsreel in the 1930s, see Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 125-33.

113
. Wolf Donner,
Propaganda und Film im ‘Dritten Reich’
(Berlin, 1993); Boguslaw Drewniak,
Der deutsche Film 1938-1945: Ein Gesamẗberblick
(D̈sseldorf, 1987); Hilmar Hoffmann,
The Triumph of Propaganda: Film and National Socialism 1933- 1945
(Oxford, 1996 [1988]); Eric Rentschler,
The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and its Afterlife
(Cambridge, Mass., 1996); Harro Segeberg (ed.),
Mediale Mobilmachung
, I:
Das Dritte Reich und der Film
(Munich, 2004); Gerhard Stahr,
Volksgemeinschaft vor der Leinwand? Der nationalsozialistische Film und sein Publikum
(Berlin, 2001).

114
. Kundrus, ‘Totale Unterhaltung?’, 101; Welch,
Propaganda and the German Cinema
217-18.

115
. Kundrus, ‘Totale Unterhaltung?’, 105-7; however, see the more optimistic reports in Gerd Albrecht (ed.),
Film im Dritten Reich: Eine Dokumentation
(Karlsruhe, 1979), 225-32.

116
. Welch,
Propaganda and the German Cinema
, 249.

117
Kundrus, ‘Totale Unterhaltung?’, 102-4; Welch,
Propaganda and the German Cinema
, 186-200; Kallis,
Nazi Propaganda
, 188-94.

118
Welch,
Propaganda and the German Cinema
, 238-80.

119
Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, VII. 2,293-5 (12 May 1941).

120
Welch,
Propaganda and the German Cinema
, 284-92.

121
Ibid., 292-301; Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 19-24, 98-102, both excellent general introductory surveys. Public reactions are documented in Kulka and J̈ckel (eds.),
Die Juden
, 434-40. For the reception, see David Culbert, ‘The Impact of AntiSemitic Film Propaganda on German Audiences:
Jew Süss
and
The Wandering Jew
(1940)’, in Richard A. Etlin (ed.),
Art, Culture, and Media under the Third Reich
(Chicago, Ill., 2002), 139-57, at 139-47, and Karl-Heinz Reuband, ‘ “Jud S̈ss” und “Der ewige Jude” als Prototypen antisemitischer Filmpropaganda im Dritten Reich: Entstehungsbedingungen, Zuschauerstrukturen und Wirkungspotential’, in Michel Andel
et al
. (eds.),
Propaganda, (Selbst-) Zensur, Sensation: Grenzen von Presse- und Wissenschaftsfreiheit in Deutschland und Tschechien seit 1871
(Essen, 2005), 89-148.

122
. Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, 190. The movie he was referring to was
China Seas
, released in the USA in 1935, dubbed into German, as foreign-language films always were, and given a new title.

123
Mary-Elizabeth O’Brien, ‘The Celluloid War: Packaging War for Sale in Nazi Home-Front Films’, in Etlin (ed.),
Art
, 158-80.

124
. Gerd Albrecht,
Nationalsozialistische Filmpolitik: Eine Soziologische Untersuchung ̈ber die Spielfilme des Dritten Reiches
(Stuttgart, 1969), 110.

125
. Kundrus, ‘Totale Unterhaltung?’, 107; more generally, see Kallis,
Nazi Propaganda
, 194-217.

126
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XIII. 4,892 (4 March 1943); Welch,
Propaganda and the German Cinema
, 201-3, 222-4; Baird,
The Mythical World
, 217-27.

127
. Welch,
Propaganda and the German Cinema
, 225-37; Kundrus, ‘Totale Unterhaltung? ’, 107-8; Kallis,
Nazi Propaganda
, 153-84, for the general background; ibid., 198- 202, for Kolberg; Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
II/XV, 542 (9 March 1945), for the Goebbels quote.

128
For radio in the 1930s, see Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 133-7.

129
Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, IX. 3,199 (22 January 1942); Uta C. Schmidt, ‘Radioaneignung’, in Inge Marssolek and Adelheid von Saldern (eds.),
Zuḧren und Geḧrtwerden
(2 vols., T̈bingen, 1998), I:
Radio im Nationalsozialismus: Zwischen Lenkung und Ablenkung
, 243-360, at 351-3; Michael Kater,
Different Drummers: Jazz in the Culture of Nazi Germany
(New York, 1992), 111-25.

130
Wilhelm Schepping, ‘Zeitgeschichte im Spiegel eines Liedes’, in G̈nter Noll and Marianne Br̈cker (eds.),
Musikalische Volkskunde aktuell
(Bonn, 1984), 435-64; Maase,
Grenzenloses Vergn̈gen
, 218-21.

131
Wulf,
Presse und Funk
, 358-61.

132
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, IX. 3,166 (15 January 1942).

133
Johnson,
Nazi Terror
, 322-8.
134
. Schmidt, ‘Radioaneignung’, 354 n. 435.

135
Evans,
Rituals
, 694-5.

136
Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, 206-7.

137
Horst J. P. Bergmeier and Rainer E. Lotz,
Hitler’s Airwaves: The Inside Story of Nazi Radio Broadcasting and Propaganda Swing
(London, 1997), esp. 99-110, 136-77, 332-3.

138
. Kater,
Different Drummers
, 102-10, 190-94; for jazz and the Swing Youth in the later 1930s, see Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 204-7.

139
For classical music in the 1930s, see ibid., 186-203.

140
Frederic Spotts,
Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics
(London, 2002), 232-3; Erik Levi,
Music in the Third Reich
(London, 1994), 209-12.

141
Hitler,
Hitler’s Table Talk
, 242 (24-5 January 1942, also for general remarks by Hitler on his continuing love for Wagner’s music).

142
Spotts,
Hitler
, 233-4, 259-63; L’har, born in 1870, met Hitler in 1936; he died in 1948.

143
. Levi,
Music in the Third Reich
, 195.

144
Ibid., 195-219.

145
. Hitler,
Hitler’s Table Talk
, 449 (30 April 1942).

146
Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
, II/XI. 82 (13 January 1944).

147
. Richard J. Evans,
Rereading German History: From Unification to Reunification 1800- 1996
(London, 1997), 187-93; Sam H. Shirakawa,
The Devil’s Music Master: The Controversial Life and Career of Wilhelm Furtẅngler
(New York, 1992), 290-93. The attempts of Shirakawa and Fred K. Prieberg,
Trial of Strength: Wilhelm Furtẅngler and the Third Reich
(London, 1991 [1986]) to portray the conductor as a hero of the resistance to Hitler do not convince.

148
. Quoted in Walter Klingler,
Nationalsozialistische Rundfunkpolitik 1942-1945: Organisation, Programm und die Ḧrer
(Mannheim, 1983), 137.

149
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XV. 5,808 (27 September 1943).

150
. Ibid., 5,807.

151
. Ibid.

152
. Ibid.

153
. Ibid., 5,809.

154
. Michael H. Kater,
Composers of the Nazi Era: Eight Portraits
(New York, 2000), 248-59.

155
Quoted in Spotts,
Hitler
, 303. See also Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 187-90.

156
Fred K. Prieberg,
Musik im NS-Staat
(Frankfurt am Main, 1989 [1982]), 222-3.

157
Johann Peter Vogel,
Hans Pfitzner: Leben, Werke, Dokumente
(Berlin, 1999), 156-67, 182; Prieberg,
Musik
, 224-5.

158
Ibid., 318-24.

159
Ibid., 324-8.

160
Lyrics from the accompanying booklet to Anne Sofie von Otter
et al., Terez’n/Theresienstadt
(DGG, 2007). I am grateful to Chris Clark for the translation.

161
. Ibid.

162
For the visual arts in the 1930s, see Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 164-80.

163
. Peter Adam,
The Arts of the Third Reich
(London, 1992), 157.

164
. Ibid., 158.

165
Ibid., 158-64; Gregory Maertz,
The Invisible Museum: The Secret Postwar History of Nazi Art
(New Haven, Conn., 2008).

166
. Adam,
The Arts of the Third Reich
, 162, 169.

167
. Ibid.

168
Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 167-8.

169
. Adam,
The Arts of the Third Reich
, 202.

170
. Ibid., 201.

171
. Jonathan Petropoulos,
The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany
(London, 2000), 218-38.

172
Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 400-409.

173
Nicholas,
The Rape of Europa
, 35-7, 44.

174
Ibid., 41-4; Petropoulos,
The Faustian Bargain
, 63-110.

175
See above, 375-82.

176
Nicholas,
The Rape of Europa
, 57-80; Housden,
Hans Frank
, 81-2.