The Tragedy of the Templars (54 page)

    language 15

    Manzikert defeat 71, 76

    Mongol relations 336

    Myriokephalon defeat 256–7

    name 14

    Persian conflict 15, 16–17, 19, 40

    Philip IV's ambitions 340

    pilgrims 57, 78

    religious disputes 42

    Second Crusade 177, 179–81, 189

    Seljuk invasions 71–2

    Seljuk policy 75

    Seljuk threat 93

    territory 15, 17, 29, 54, 56, 60–61, 81, 111–12

    treaty with Saladin (1181) 257

    treaty with Seljuks 180

C

Caesarea

    Byzantine control 62

    churches destroyed 60

    fall to Baldwin 289

    fall to Baybars (1265) 316, 322

    religion 14

    Templar presence 228

Cairo

    Amalric's presence 212, 213, 218

    Ayyubid rule 288, 300, 309, 313

    caliphate 333–4

    Citadel 235, 314

    conflict with Damascus 309, 310

    defeat of Atsiz 79

    defences 235

    fall to Nur al–Din (1169) 213

    Fatimid caliphate 63, 66, 209

    foundation 63

    gates 166

    Jewish community 116

    Mameluke sultans 288, 314, 315, 333–4

    Mongol ambassadors 315

    religion 66, 75, 211, 233, 237, 244, 334

    rioting against Turks (1172) 235

    Saladin's position 237–8, 252, 261

    siege 213

Calansue (Qalansuwa) 150, 151

caliphate

    Abbasid 45–6, 47, 54, 58–9, 62, 64, 75, 263

    divisions 28, 237

    Fatimid 63–4, 75, 209, 210

    Seljuk Turks 119

    Shia/Sunni disagreement 44

    Umayyad 30, 37–8, 45–6

    castles 218–23

Cathars 245–8, 313, 347, 348, 363

Catherine of Courtenay, sister of Philip IV 342

Celestine II, pope 140

Charlemagne, emperor 37, 52–3, 56, 84, 94, 125

Charles Martel 37, 52

Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily 320–21

Chastel Blanc (Safita), castle

    construction 219

    fall to Baybars (1265) 316, 318

    Saladin's campaigns 292

    Templar presence 221–2, 248, 261, 307

Chastel Pelerin (Atlit), castle 229, 319, 329

Chastellet
see
Jacob's Ford

Château de Mer, Templar sea–castle 328

Chevveden, Paul 95

China 45, 230

Chinon

    Templar leaders held at 356, 358–9

    trial of Templar leaders 359–60, 367

Chinon Parchment 358, 359

Chrétien de Troyes 183–4

Christianity

    Arian 12–13, 21, 246

    Cathars 245–8, 313, 347–8, 363

    conversion from 31, 38–9, 62, 334

    conversion to 39, 62, 67, 336

    Coptic 30–31, 41, 65, 211, 239, 334

    dualism 63, 245–8

    dyophysites 40–41

    Gnostics 245

    Great Schism (1054) 81–2, 238–9

    Greek Orthodox Church 54, 241, 238, 301–2

    heresy 12–13, 21, 40–41, 246–8, 347

    heresy charge against Templars 127, 224, 248, 346–8, 352, 356–7

    Jacobites 41, 42, 239, 241

    Latin Church 54, 238, 242, 301

    Maronites 324, 335

    Mary Magdalene 240–42, 247

    monophysites 41–2

    Nestorian 40–41, 239

    official religion of Roman Empire 10–11

    pacifist ideal 102

    Palestine 14–15, 49

    persecution of Christians 53, 60, 334

    prophetic literature 84–6

    restrictions on Christians 49, 50, 334

    theological disputes 40–42

    tithes 140, 147, 179, 224, 243

    Waldensian 246

Church of the Ascension 130

Church of the Holy Sepulchre

    altar to St Nicholas 123

    Anastasis dome 32–3, 60, 68, 130

    bell tower 198

    built by Constantine 12, 197

    canons 126, 127, 137, 143, 145, 201

    chapel of Golgotha 130, 197

    coronation of Frederick 307

    crusader celebrations 117

    destruction (1009) 67–8, 69, 70, 197

    fired by mob (937) 60

    fired by mob (966) 61, 69

    fired by Persians (619) 16, 197

    keys 52–3

    new chapels 198

    pilgrim guides 346

    pilgrims 198, 201, 283–4, 346

    replacement for old basilica 198

    Rotunda rebuilt 77, 197

    site 130

    spared by Saladin 2, 283–4

    Templars' founding vows (1119) 130

    tomb of Jesus 60, 68, 197, 198, 283–4

    Turkish behaviour 91

Church of the Nativity 12, 111

Cilicia, kingdom of 150–51, 230, 336

Cistercians 135–6, 174, 204, 347

Clement V, pope

    absolution of Templars 356, 360–61

    crusade plans 340

    meeting with Hospitallers and

    Templars 340–41, 344

    meetings with king 355

    papacy 339–40

    relationship with king 339–40, 353–4, 365

    response to arrest of Templars 353–4

    suppression of Templar order 365–6

    Templar concerns 344–5

    Templar investigation 345, 355–61, 362, 364

Vienne council (1311) 363–4

Cluny, abbey 93–4, 95

coinage

    Acre 323

    Arabic 31

    Jewish 9

    Saladin's 3

Compostela, Santiago de 94

Conrad III, king of Germany 177, 179–80, 185, 187, 188–9

Conrad of Montferrat, king of Jerusalem 250

Constantine (the Great), Roman emperor 10, 12, 84, 197

Constantine IV, Byzantine emperor 29

Constantinople

    Arab sieges 29, 36–7

    Byzantine recovery (1261) 301

    capital city 13

    destruction of Umayyad forces 37, 38

    fall to Ottoman Turks (1453) 14

    First Crusade 106–7

    Fourth Crusade 301, 302–303

    Latin emperors 301

    massacre of Latins (1182) 257–8, 302, 320

    Persian assault 17

    pilgrims 57

    sack (1204) 301, 302–303

    Turkish threat (1091) 89–90

Copts 30–31, 41, 65, 211, 239, 334

Cordoba

    emirate of 44

    Great Mosque 94

Council of Chalcedon (451) 40, 41

Council of Clermont (1095) 71, 91, 92, 95–101, 102, 106, 145, 174

Council of Nicaea 13

Council of Piacenza (1095) 90–91

Council of Troyes 137, 139, 142

Cressing Temple, Essex 225–6

Crete 56, 60

    crusades

    against Sicilian rebels 320–21

    Albigensian 247–8

    Fifth Crusade 303–4, 305, 306

    First Crusade 71, 87, 92, 99–101, 102–17, 153, 154, 220, 256

    Fourth Crusade 227, 301–3

    mythology 153

    People's Crusade 106

    preaching 104–5

    Second Crusade 135, 149, 172, 175–8, 179–81, 187–90

    Seventh Crusade 313–14

    Sixth Crusade 306–7

    taking the cross 102–4

    term ‘crusade' 103–4

    Third Crusade 276, 287–8, 293, 299

Curcuas, John, general 60

Curia 353, 354

Cyprus

    Acre supplies 328

    Arab attacks 29

    attacks from 336

    captured by Richard 294–5, 329

    crusade plan 341

    Mameluke invasion plans 334

    Maronite community 335

    Muslims driven out (965) 61

    refugees from Acre 326, 327

    refugees from Jerusalem 49

    Templar archives 127, 223

    Templar presence 329, 333, 335, 344, 354

D

Damascus

    attacked by Nur al-Din 207–8

    Ayyubid rule 300, 309

    Baldwin's assault plan 133–5

    Byzantine capture 62

    conflict with Cairo 309, 310

    fall to Mongols (1260) 315

    fall to Nur al-Din (1154) 188, 208, 219, 233

    fall to al-Salih (1245) 313

    revolt (744) 43

    sacked by Persians (613) 16

    Saladin's position (1174) 5, 236, 237

    Second Crusade strategy 186–7

    siege (1129) 149

    siege (1148) 187–8

    siege and fall (635) 23–4

    temple rebuilt as church 10

    Turkish capture and recapture 79, 80

    walls demolished 45

Damietta

    capture (1219) 304

    Seventh Crusade 313

Dandolo, doge of Venice 302

Daniel, Russian abbot 124

Dante 353

De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum
(anonymous author) 2, 268–9, 271

De Laude Novae Militae (In Praise of the New Knighthood
) (Bernard of Clairvaux) 139, 321

dhimmis
(non-Muslim population)

    Abbasid policy 45, 49, 50

    Fatimid policy 66

    legal and social position 39, 79, 156, 161, 280, 334

    Umayyad policy 42, 43–4

    Zoroastrians 46–7

Dome of the Rock

    altar to St Nicholas 123

    construction 27, 31–5, 50

    cross on 122, 281–2

    Frederick's visit 307

    height of Dome 53

    Muslim worship 148

    Night Journey 34, 36

    purified by Saladin 2, 3, 201, 282

    rock beneath 33

    site 122, 129

    Templar reconversion 310

    Temple of the Lord 122, 130, 201

Dominicans 301, 345

Dorylaeum, battle (1147) 179–80

Drogo, Templar knight 178

Druze 244–5, 333

E

Edessa

    county of 119, 122

    crusader state 98, 109, 119

    fall to Turks (1146) 169–71, 172, 177

    Khorezmian Turks 311

    liberation by crusaders 109, 112

    siege and fall (1144) 166–9, 170, 171, 187

Edward I, king of England 227, 319, 335, 340

Egeria, pilgrim 239

Eginhard, biographer of Charlemagne 52

Egypt

    administration by Copts 30–31

    Amalric's expeditions 209–10, 215, 218

    Arab invasion 23, 30, 209

    Ayyubid rule 300, 301, 309

    Baldwin I's expedition 128

    blockade strategy 320

    capture by Nur al-Din's forces 213–14

    Christian population 30–31, 42, 50, 56, 67, 211, 237–8

    churches 11, 334

    Copts 30–1, 41, 65, 239, 334

    fall to Saladin 234

    famine 64

    Fatimids 63–70, 119, 195, 207, 209–10

    Fifth Crusade 303–4

    Frankish-Byzantine expedition 212–13

    Ikhshidids 61, 64

    Jewish population 237–8

    Mamelukes 230, 288, 314, 320

    Muslim religion 211, 237

    Persian invasion 16

    pilgrims 55–7, 68

    revolt (831) 49–50

    Saladin's rule 235–8, 250, 256

    Templar policy 309–10

    Tulunids 58, 61

Turks defeated 79

Eleanor of Aquitaine 173, 175, 181–5, 294

Ellenblum, Ronnie 151–2, 154, 260

England, Templar sites 136

Ernoul, Frankish chronicler 258–9, 267

Eschenbach, Wolfram von 183, 185

Eschiva, countess of Tripoli 268

Etienne of Suisy, cardinal 358–60

Eugenius III, pope 140, 172, 173–4, 177, 178

Everard des Barres, Grand

Master 175, 179, 180, 182, 193, 194

F

Al-Fadil, Al-Qadi 3, 256, 307–8

Fatima, daughter of Mohammed 28, 63

Fatimids

    architecture 166

    Ascalon base 128, 150, 152, 186, 289

    Ascalon loss 194, 207, 209, 221

    campaign against Abbasids 64

    campaigns against Atsiz 81

    conquest of Egypt 63–4, 77

    death of last caliph 233, 235, 237

    Egyptian regime 65, 209, 211, 212

    Jerusalem defence against crusaders 112–13

    Jerusalem loss and recovery 112

    Jerusalem policies 67–8, 88, 125–6, 197, 280, 334

    Jerusalem surrender (1099) 113–14

    origins 63

    Palestine rule 77, 79

    persecution of Christians and Jews 66–7, 125

    religion 63–4, 65, 195, 211

Ferdinand of Léon and Castile 93

La Fève, castle 222, 266

    fortresses 151–2

France, nation–state 232

Francis of Assisi 301

Franciscans 301, 345–6

Frankopan, Peter 101

Franks, Martel's victories 37

Franks (Franj)

    achievements of crusades 195–6

    Acre sieges 292–3, 295–6