The Tragedy of the Templars (58 page)

Syria

    Abbasid rule 58

    administration 30

    Arab conquests 23, 29, 209

    Arab tribes 30, 43, 48, 58

    army 267

    Assassins 248

    Byzantine rule 15, 17, 61, 62

    Christian population 3, 31

    crusaders 109, 111

    decline 45–6

    drought 260, 263

    dualism 245

    Fatimids 63–4, 75

    Ismailis 248

    Jacobite Christians 41, 239

    Mameluke rule 315, 329–30

    Mongol advance 336

    Nestorian Christians 239

    persecution of Christians 53, 60, 68, 334–5

    Persian conquest 16

    pilgrim journeys 86

    Saladin's conquests 256, 262, 264, 292

    Sunni Islam 248

    Templar presence 221, 222, 337

    Turkish conquest 79–81

    Turkish rule 214, 248

    Umayyad rule 30, 32, 45–6

    Zengi's invasion 162

T

Tafurs 110–11, 121

Tancred 104, 113, 121

Taranto 55

Tarsus, capture (968) 61

taxation

    crusade tax 179

    land tax (
kharaj
) 31

    poll tax (
jizya
) 25, 31, 39, 49, 55, 280

    tithes 140, 147, 179, 224, 243

Templar of Tyre, chronicler 229, 319, 325, 329

Templars abolition by pope 365–6

    absolution by pope 356, 358, 361, 367

    Acre base 289–90

    Acre headquarters 228–9, 287, 300, 319

    allegiance to pope 306, 339, 345

    alms giving 199–200

    archives 127, 152, 178, 223

    arrest of French network (1307) 248, 344, 345–6

    Arsuf battle (1191) 297–8

    Assassin relations 250–52

    banking system 226–8, 314

    beards 138

    building works 201–3

    burned at the stake 363, 367, 368

    castles in Amanus mountains 150–51, 214, 220

    castles in Aragon 149

    castles in Cyprus 329

    castles in kingdom of Jerusalem 153

    castles in Syria 221–2, 248

    castles lost to Baybars 316, 317

    casualties 214

    chastity 137–8

    Commander of kingdom of Jerusalem 203–4

    confessions 348–51, 355, 356–8, 359–60, 366

    costs 217, 313

    credit notes 226

    crusade tax 179

    Cyprus headquarters 333

    Cyprus position 295

    Damascus campaign (1129) 134–5

    description of 215–16

    diplomatic achievements 309–10

    discipline 181, 220, 226

    Draper 203

    dress 140, 179, 197

    Egyptian expedition policy 213, 214–15

    emissaries imprisoned in Egypt 309

    encounter with Assassins 64

    entrance rituals 344, 356–7, 360

    established 120, 125–7

    estates 152

    European headquarters 178, 230

    examination by cardinals 358–60

    examination by pope 356–8

    Fifth Crusade role 303–4

    fleet 224, 228, 229, 320, 335

    founding members 126, 142

    founding vows (1119) 125, 130, 142

    Frederick's treatment of 308

    Grand Masters 139–40, 203–4

    guardians of the Grail 185

    guarding Antioch passes 150–51, 220

    Hattin battle (1187) 270–74

    heresy charge 346–8, 356–7

    horses 217

    Jerusalem headquarters 1, 131, 147–8, 160, 197, 201, 203–5, 282, 307

    Jerusalem refugees 286

    knights 200, 204, 217

    La Forbie defeat (1244) 312–13

    land held by 223, 224, 225–6

    Latin Rule 137–8

    loans 227

    markets and fairs 224, 228

    Marshal 203

    membership 200

    military role 149–50, 223, 332

    monastic life 148

    name 1, 127

    numbers 142, 153, 178–9, 204–5

    origins 126, 140–44

    papal bulls 139–40

    papal inquiry 355, 362–3

    policy against Egypt 309–10

    policy and purpose 5–6

    privileges and concessions 228

    property granted to Hospitallers 366

    proposed merger with

    Hospitallers 340–42, 344

    raids (1300) 336

    records 226

    relationship with Frederick 306, 308

    religious order 137–40, 151, 204

    rite of the Passion of Christ 358

    rivalry with Hospitallers 215

    role 127, 131, 133–4, 149, 200, 217, 223, 331–2

    rural development in

    Outremer 155

    seal 143

    Second Crusade role 180–81, 187, 189

    Seneschal 203

    sentences 366, 367

    Sephoria position (1187) 268

    sergeants 200, 204, 217, 224

    Sixth Crusade 306

    slave trade 229–30

    squires 217

    stables 202, 204

    Third Crusade role 287–8, 297–8

    tortured 348–9, 359–60

    trade 224, 228, 229–30

    treasure ships 227

    treasurer 179

    treasury 303

    vows 194, 215–16

    wealth 142–3, 149, 153

Temple

    Herod's 9, 26

    Holy of Holies 21, 26, 122, 148

    Solomon's 9, 25, 27, 130–31

    Western Wall 148

Temple Mount

    Aqsa mosque 27, 68, 280, 282, 307, 310

    Christian attitude to 26, 130–32, 139

    Christian pilgrims 201

    construction 9

    Dome of the Rock 27, 31–2, 34–5, 310

    expulsion of Muslims 309–10

    Fatimid surrender to Franks (1099) 113

    Frederick's visit (1229) 307

    Jewish attitude to 129, 148

    jihad propaganda 278

    madrasas 88

    massacre (1077) 80

    Muslim attitude to 27, 31–2, 129

    Muslim pilgrims 32

    Muslim worship under Frankish rule 148, 160–61, 244

    Night Journey 33–4, 278, 280

    Saladin's purification 201, 281–3

    Seljuk garrison 86, 122

    Templar control 309–10

    Templar headquarters 1, 131, 147, 197, 203–5, 282, 307

    Umar's mosque 26–7

    Umar's visit 25–6

Templum Domini (Temple of the Lord) 122, 201, 281–2

Templum Solomonis (Aqsa mosque, Templar headquarters) 1, 116, 122, 126–7, 147–8, 282

Terricus, grand preceptor 275–6

Teutonic Knights 303, 306, 307, 312, 317

Theobald Gaudin, Templar commander 328, 329

Theobold, count of Champagne 137

Theoderich, German pilgrim 201, 204, 290

Theodoret of Cyrrhus 11

Theodosius I, Roman emperor 10, 13

Theophanes, Byzantine chronicler 43–4

Thomas, patriarch of Jerusalem 53–4

Thomas, son-in-law of Heraclius 23–4

Thomas Bérard, Grand Master 315

Thomas the Presbyter 23

Thoros II, prince of Armenia 152–3

A Thousand and One Nights
47–8

Tiberias

    meeting 265–6

    siege (1187) 268–9

Titus, Roman emperor 9

Toledo 93

Toleration, Edict of 11

Tortosa

    county of Tripoli 219

    defences 221, 248, 307

    destruction by Nur al–Din (1152) 221

    fall (1291) 329

    port 228, 276

    Saladin's attack (1188) 292

    Templar forces 204, 221, 223, 318, 319

    Templar raids (1300) 336–7

    ten-year truce with Mamelukes 324

trade 219, 224, 228, 258

Trapesac, castle 150

Trdat, architect 75

Tripoli

    county of 119, 149–50, 219, 287

    defences 319

    fall (1289) 321, 325

    port 228, 276

Templar commander 204

Troyes

    capital of counts of Champagne 183

    Council of 137, 139, 142

Truce of God 96

True Cross 16, 25, 201, 227, 268, 271, 296

Tughril, Seljuk sultan 74

Tughtigin, Damascus atabeg 128

Tulunid dynasty 58, 61

Turanshah, brother of Saladin 235–6

Turcopoles 204, 214, 224

Tyre

    Fatimid control 289

    port 228, 289

    refugees from Jerusalem 80, 286

    siege by Franks (1124) 128, 218

    siege by Saladin (1187–88) 276, 277, 286, 291–2

Tzachas, Turkish pirate 89, 90

U

al-Ullayqa, Assassin castle 248

Umar, caliph 23, 25–7, 32, 42, 61, 130, 282

Umar II, Umayyad caliph 39

Umayyad dynasty

    achievements 45–6

    established 29

    jihad against Byzantines 36–7

    military defeats 37–8

    overthrown by Abbasids 44, 45, 48, 58

    religion 64

    Temple Mount development 27, 32–6, 122, 204

    wars of expansion 29–30, 36

Unam Sanctam
(papal bull 338, 340

Urban II, pope

    Alexius's appeal 89, 90–91, 101

    Clermont council 91

    Clermont speech 71, 95–101, 102, 104–5, 336

    Cluny visit 93–4

    crusader crosses 102–3

    death 119

    Piacenza council 90

    reformist programme 90, 114

    support for military action against Turks 91–2, 94–5, 108–9

Urban III, pope 277

Usamah ibn Munqidh, writer and diplomat 156–7, 158–61, 162, 244

Uthman, caliph 23, 28

V

Venice, Venetians

    Acre community 289, 323

    Constantinople colony 257

    Egyptian trade 65, 258, 320

    Fourth Crusade 301–2

    galleys from 335

Vézelay

    abbey church 240

    Easter meeting (1146) 173–4

Vienne, council (1311) 363–6

Vox in Excelso
(papal bull) 365–6

W

Wadi al-Haramiya, Templar settlement 152, 155

Waldensians 246

Walid, Umayyad caliph 36

Walter Map, archdeacon of Oxford 141, 251–2

Warmund of Picardy, patriarch of Jerusalem 125

William, archbishop of Tyre as source 141

    career 140–41

    criticisms of Templars 207, 214–15

    death 5, 141

    history of Outremer 209

    on Amalric 213

    on Baldwin IV 253–4

    on Damascus 187

    on Edessans 166–7

    on Eleanor of Aquitaine 182–3, 185

    on foundation of Templars 141–2

    on Hospital 199

    on massacre of Latins 257–8

    on murder of Sinan's envoy 251

    on Saladin's conquests 5, 261

    on Templar knights 178

    on wealth of Templars 143–4

    on Zengi 158

William, seneschal of the Templars 178

William Falco, Templar knight 178

William of Beaujeu, Grand

Master 319–20, 326–7

William of Nogaret, minister of Philip IV 338–9, 343, 347–8, 355, 359, 362–3

William of Paris, French inquisitor 353, 355

William of Plaisians, lawyer 359

Würzburg chronicler 189

Y

Yazdegerd III, King of Persia 23

Yazid III, Umayyad caliph 43

Yolanda, queen of Jerusalem 305

Z

Zab, battle of the (750) 44

al-Zahir, Fatimid caliph 68

Zalaca, battle (1086) 93

Zara, fall (1202) 302

Zengi, Imad al-Din, governor of Mosul and Aleppo

    alliance against 158, 162

    army 233, 234

    Baalbek siege 164

    career 162

    character 165

    Damascus siege (1135) 158

    death 169

    Edessa conquest (1144) 165–9, 170, 187, 198

    Homs siege (1137) 162–3

    jihad 164–5, 169, 194, 237, 248

    Montferrand siege 163–4

    murder of monks 223

    religion 237, 245

    strategy 162

Zoroastrianism 16, 40, 46–7, 244 433