The Tragedy of the Templars (55 page)

    armour 297

    Arsuf victory 298

    attitude to Muslim society 120

    Baybars' campaigns against 315–19

    building works in Jerusalem 122–3, 198–9, 307

    castles 218–23, 256, 259–60, 263, 317–18

    Damascus campaign 186–8

    driven out of Outremer 329–30

    Egyptian campaign 212–14

    fall of Acre 326–9

    fall of Edessa 170–71, 172, 188

    fall of Jerusalem 1–5, 278–80, 284

    fall of Tripoli 325

    Hattin defeat 270–74

    intermarriage 146

    isolation 257

    jihad against 164–5, 172, 195, 230, 262

    La Forbie defeat 313

    languages learned by 120, 146, 157, 242

    liberation of pilgrimage sites 129

    life in Palestine 146

    Muslim attitudes to 156–7, 159–61, 243–4

    Palestine rule 129

    population in Palestine 156

    religious tolerance 238–9

    Saladin's campaigns against 3, 128, 256, 261–2, 263

    settlers in Outremer 154–6

    siege warfare 259–60, 263

    strategy against Saladin 256, 260, 263–4

    Temple Mount policies 148

    term 87, 120

    welcomed 120

Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor 288, 304–8, 309

Fulcher of Chartres, chronicler career 141, 145

    on Aqsa mosque 147

    on crusade conditions 107–8

    on language skills of Franks 157

    on Outremer settlement 145–6

    on Urban's speech at Clermont 96–8

    on victory at Jerusalem 114, 115, 117

Fulk V, count of Anjou, king of Jerusalem

    Bethany church 239

    campaign against Zengi 163

    death 185, 206

    diplomacy 158, 160, 162

    Hospitaller grant 152

    marriage to Melisende 132

    palace 147

    rule of Jerusalem 147, 198

    supporter of Templars 126

Fulk of Villaret, Grand Master of Hospitallers 341

Further Mosque 33–4, 69, 280

Fustat 55–6, 64, 66, 210, 213

G

Galilee, principality of 265–7

Gaza

    Arab civil wars 48

    La Forbie battle (1244) 312–13

    massacre of population 80

    Muslim uprisings 79

    religion 238

    surrender to Saladin 276

    Templar defences 220–21, 222

    Templar strategy 254

    truce arrangements (1229) 306, 309

Genoa

    Acre trading community 289, 323

    arms and food supplies 113

    campaigns against Arabs 93

    Constantinople colony 257

    slave trade 229

    trade with Egypt 258, 320

Geoffrey Bissot, Templar knight 142

Geoffrey of Charney, preceptor of Normandy 349, 350, 359, 367–8

Geoffrey of Flujeac 151

Geoffrey Fulcher, Templar knight 178, 211–12, 214

Geoffrey of Gonneville, preceptor of Poitou and Aquitaine 359, 367

Gerard of Nazareth, bishop of Latakia 241–2

Gerard of Ridefort, Grand Master 264–7, 269, 273, 276, 293

Gerard of Villiers, master of France 346
Gesta Francorum
103, 116

Gibbon, Edward 86–7

Gnosticism 63, 64, 245

Godfrey of Bouillon 104, 107, 113, 121–2, 278

Godfrey of Saint-Omer, Templar knight 125, 126, 136, 142

Gog and Magog 85

Golan Heights 128

Golgotha, chapel of 130, 197

Gondemar, Templar knight 142

Goscelin, Templar knight 178

Grail legend 183–5

Greek Fire 29, 37

Greek learning 51

Gregory I (the Great), pope 15, 82, 125, 240–41

Gregory VII, pope 82–4, 90, 94, 114

Gregory IX, pope 305–6

Guibert de Nogent 98, 100, 105, 141

Guinevere, queen 184, 185

Gunther, bishop of Bamberg 77

Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem

    Acre siege 292

    campaign against Saladin 267–9

    captured by Saladin 271–2, 276

    coronation 265

    Cyprus rule 329

    Hattin defeat 269–71

    relationship with Raymond of Tripoli 265, 267

H

Haghia Sophia, church of 75, 81

Haifa

    fall to Baybars (1265) 316, 322

    port 223

al-Hakim, Fatimid caliph 66–9, 85, 105, 125, 197, 237–8

Hama

    captured by Zengi 164, 219

    fall to Saladin 236, 237

al-Harawi, military writer 273

Harim, siege and fall (1164) 210

Harun al-Rashid, Abbasid caliph 47–8, 49, 50, 52–3

Hattin, battle (1187) 222, 223, 270–74, 275–6, 291, 293

Hebron

    skirmish (1139) 150, 178–9

    truce arrangements (1229) 306, 309

Helena, mother of Constantine 11–12, 16

Henry, count of Champagne 249

Henry IV, Holy Roman emperor 83, 90

Henry II, king of Cyprus, king of Jerusalem 325

Henry I, king of England 136

Henry II, king of England 183, 291

Henry Ffykeis 364

Heraclius, Byzantine emperor 15–18, 23, 24, 36, 76

Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem 264, 265, 277, 284–5

Herod the Great, 9, 204

Hillenbrand, Carole 157, 165, 281

Hisham, Umayyad caliph 37

Hodierna, countess of Tripoli 147

Holy Roman Empire 37, 52, 56

Homs

    fall to Saladin 236–7

    gap 163, 164, 221, 261

    recovery by Muin 169

    siege (745) 43–6

    siege (1137) 162–3

    Turks in 219

    uprising (855) 50

    Zengi's control of 164

Honorius II, pope 136, 139

Honorius III, pope 347

Horns of Hattin
see
Hattin

Hospitallers of St John

    Acre presence 289–90, 300

    allegiance to pope 306

    alms giving 199–200

    archives 150

    Arsuf battle (1191) 297–8

    castles 153, 248, 329

    discipline 220

    dispute with patriarch 199

    dress 197

    Egyptian expedition 215

    estates 150, 151–2

    Fifth Crusade 303

    fleet 320

    Hattin battle 271, 273

    hospital in Jerusalem 1, 125–6, 199, 200, 283

    Jerusalem refugees 285

    Krak surrender 316–17, 318

    La Forbie battle (1244) 312

    land held by 223

    loss of Margat castle 324

    numbers 153

    proposed merger with Templars 340–42, 344

    raids (1300) 336

    religious order 150

    Rhodes position 295, 341, 342

    rivalry with Templars 215

    role 200, 331

    rural development in

    Outremer 155

    Sephoria position (1187) 268

Sixth Crusade 306

    slave trade 229

    wealth 153

Hugh, count of Champagne 136, 137

Hugh of Pairaud, visitor of France 349, 350–51, 357, 359, 367

Hugh of Payns, Templar knight

    Bernard of Clairvaux's involvement 135–7, 139

    Council of Troyes 137

    death 139

    formation of Templars 125, 126, 142

    letter of Hugh Peccator 133–4

    mission to the West 132–3, 134, 135, 136–7, 147, 178

    recruitment drive 133, 134, 135, 173

    vassal to count of Champagne

Hulagu, Mongol leader 314

Hussein, son of Ali 44

I

Ibn Abd al-Zahir, poet 315

Ibn al-Arabi, scholar 87–8, 116–17

Ibn al-Athir, chronicler 165, 168, 278–9, 292–3

Ibn al-Azimi, chronicler 87

Ibn al-Haytham, polymath 66

Ibn Hisham, Abdul-Malik, editor 34

Ibn Ishaq, Mohammed, biographer 34

Ibn al-Jawzi, chronicler 127

ibn al-Jawzi, Sibt, historian 74

Ibn Jubayr, pilgrim 243, 251

Ibn Khaldun, chronicler 112, 311

Ibn Munir, poet 194–5

Ibn al-Qalanisi, chronicler 170, 187–8

Ibn al-Qaysarani, poet 281

Ibn Said, Yahya, chronicler 67–8, 69

Ibn Shaddad, chronicler 2, 278, 280, 293, 297

Ibn Tulun, governor of Egypt 58

Ibn Zafir, chronicler 128

Ibn Zaki, qadi of Aleppo 282–3

Ibn al-Zubayr, caliph 30, 32

Ikhshidid dynasty 61, 64

Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, secretary to Saladin

    on Arsuf battle 298

    on capture of Jerusalem 2, 280

    on departure of Franks 284–5

    on execution of prisoners 273–4

    on Hattin battlefield 272

    on purification of Jerusalem 1, 282

    on Saladin's illness 163

    on siege of Jerusalem 278

    on Zengi 165

    Saladin's will 262

Inab, siege (1149) 193, 194

India 36, 45, 65

Innocent II, pope 139

Innocent III, pope 247

Inquisition 247–8, 347–8, 349, 355, 357

Investiture Controversy 83–4, 90, 94, 114, 305

Ioveta, abbess of St Lazarus convent 147, 240

Iranians 310

Isaac Ducas Comnenus, ruler of Cyprus 294–5

Islam

    advent of 13, 19

    Alawite 244–5, 316

    conversion from 39, 62

    conversion to 31, 38–9, 47, 62, 67, 169, 334, 340

    divisions 237

    dualism 63–4, 244–5

    early days 19–22

    holy cities 36

    Ismaili
see
Ismaili Islam

    jihad
see
jihad

    political divisions 119–20

    Qarmatians 62, 64–5

    Saladin's capture of Jerusalem 2–3

    Shia
see
Shia Islam

    Sufi 237, 267

    Sunni
see
Sunni Islam

    warfare 22–4

Ismail, ruler of Damascus 310

Ismaili Islam

    Assassins 64, 195, 248

    beliefs 63–4, 244–6, 251

    Fatimid dynasty 63–4, 66–7, 195, 211, 250

    numbers in Egypt 244

    proscribed by Saladin 237, 248, 250

Italian bankers 323, 346, 352

Itinerarium Regis Ricardi
267, 293, 296

Iwannis (John), Edessan leader 167

J

Jabar, siege 169

Jacobite Church 41, 42, 239, 241 Jacob's Ford (Chastellet), castle 222, 258–60

Jacques de Molay, Grand

    Master

    absolved by pope 358, 361, 367

    arrest and imprisonment 343, 358, 367

    career 333

    confession 349–50, 359–60

    death 368

    defence of Templars 362–3

    denial of confession 355

    on Hospitallers and Templars 200, 341–2

    on Mongols 337

    on Templar rituals 344

    relationship with Philip IV 342

    sentence at Paris 367–8

    strategy to recover Holy Land 333, 335, 341–2

    testimony at Chinon 359–60, 367

Jaffa

    arrival of crusaders 111

    fall to Baybars (1265) 316

    fall to Saladin (1187) 276

    port 112, 113, 123, 223

James II, king of Aragon 337

James the Apostle 94

James of Vitry, bishop of Acre 301

Jebel al-Sariya 248, 250, 318, 324, 330

Jerusalem

    Anti-Christian riots (966) 60–61

    Christian holy sites 130–32

    church worship 309

    crusaders' first sight of 111–12

    decay 307–8

    defences 277–8, 306–7

    departure of Franks 280, 284–6

    description (1093) 87–8

    expulsion of Muslims from Temple Mount 309–10

    fall to Arabs (638) 24–6

    fall to crusaders (1099) 113–17

    fall to Fatimids (1098) 112

    fall to Persians (614) 16–17

    fall to Saladin (1187) 1–3, 5, 200–1, 277–80

    fall to Turks (1073) 79, 112

    fall to Turks (1077) 80

    Fatimid policies 67–9, 77, 78

    forbidden to Jews 9–10

    Frankish buildings 122–3

    Hospital 1, 125–6, 199, 200, 283

    keys of Holy Sepulchre 52–3

    massacre (1077) 80

    mosques 26–7, 32, 61, 68–9

    pagan city 9

    pilgrims 56, 68, 77–9, 87, 91, 123, 196–7, 198, 283–4, 299, 334

    population 80, 86, 196–7

    raids on (1124, 1152) 128

    recovery after Saladin's death 288

    Richard's position (1191) 299

    Saladin's advance on 277–8

    Saladin's purification of 281–4

    surrender to Frederick (1229) 306–7

    Templar headquarters 1, 131, 147–8, 160, 197, 201, 203–5, 282, 307

    Temple
see
Temple

    Via Dolorosa 131–2

Jerusalem, kingdom of Acre capital 287

    armistice agreement with Damascus atabeg 128

    defences 258