The Transformation of the World (198 page)

NOTES

 

 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

    1
. J. R. McNeill and McNeill,
Human Web
.

    2
. On the present situation see S. Conrad,
Globalgeschichte
; Osterhammel,
Global-geschichte
(2007).

    3
. Acham and Schulze,
Einleitung
, p. 19.

    4
. The title of an essay by Tony Judt, in
New York Review of Books
, September 21, 2000.

    5
. Bayly,
Birth of the Modern World
. See my review article: Osterhammel,
Baylys Moderne
.

    6
. An earlier work of mine,
Geschichtswissenschaft
, referred in its subtitle to “the history of connections” and “comparison between civilizations.”

    7
. J. M. Roberts,
Twentieth Century
, p. xvii.

    8
. Hobsbawm,
Age of Revolution
; idem,
Age of Capital
; idem,
Age of Empire
.

    9
. Bayly,
Birth of the Modern World
, pp. 202ff.

  10
. Ibid., p. 4.

  11
. The dialectic of integration and differentiation is a commonplace of functionalist sociology, but for historians it is no more than a plausible-sounding phrase that has to be filled with content.

  12
. Bayly,
Birth of the Modern World
, pp. 451–87.

  13
. Fernand Braudel, “On a Concept of Social History,” in: idem,
On History
, p. 131.

  14
. Acham,
Einleitung
, p. 16.

  15
. See the summary of many arguments in P.H.H. Vries,
Via Peking
.

CHAPTER I: Memory and Self-Observation

    1
.
Süddeutsche Zeitung
, 24 June 2006. The giant tortoise Adwaita that died in March 2006 in Calcutta is said to have reached the age of 250, having been, in his youth, a pet of Robert Clive, the British conqueror of Bengal.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4837988.stm
.

    2
.
New York Times
, 31 May 2009;
Süddeutsche Zeitung
, 28 May 2008.

    3
. Gluck,
Past in the Present
, p. 80.

    4
. Quoted in Blight,
Race and Reunion
, p. 1.

    5
. Peterson,
Lincoln
, pp. 320f.

    6
. Schreiber,
Kunst der Oper
, vol. 1, pp. 28–36; Mackerras,
Peking Opera
, p. 11.

    7
. J. H. Johnson,
Listening in Paris
, p. 239.

    8
. M. Walter,
Oper
, p. 37.

    9
. Scherer speaks of the “magnet city” in his splendid
Quarter Notes
, p. 128.

  10
. Burns,
Brazil
, p. 335.

  11
. McClellan,
Performing Empire
, p. 154.

  12
. Bereson,
Operatic State
, pp. 132f.

  13
. Roger Parker, “The Opera Industry,” in: Samson,
Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Music
, pp. 87–117, at 88.

  14
. Takenaka,
Wagner-Boom
, pp. 15, 20.

  15
. Cf. Rutherford,
Prima Donna
.

  16
. See also
chapter 6
.

  17
. Pomian,
Sur l'histoire
, p. 347; Fohrmann et al.,
Gelehrte Kommunikation
, pp. 326f.

  18
. Esherick and Ye,
Chinese Archives
, pp. 7, 10.

  19
. See the account of Turkish archiving in Faroqhi,
Approaching Ottoman History
, pp. 49–61.

  20
. D. M. Wilson,
British Museum
, p. 118 (Fig. 19: photo of the cast iron construction).

  21
. The Japanese Diet Library became the country's largest only in 1948, when it incorporated the holdings of the former Imperial Library.

  22
. MacDermott,
Chinese Book
, p. 166.

  23
. Kornicki,
Book in Japan
, pp. 364, 382, 384, 407f., 410, 412.

  24
. On the periods of book history in the Arab world, see George N. Atiyeh, “The Book in the Modern Arab World: The Cases of Lebanon and Egypt,” in: idem,
Book in the Arab World
, pp. 233–53.

  25
. Sheehan,
Museums
, pp. 9ff.

  26
. Samuel J.M.M. Alberti: “The Status of Museums: Authority, Identity, and Material Culture,” in: Livingstone and Withers,
Geographies
, pp. 51–72, at 52.

  27
. Plato,
Präsentierte Geschichte
, pp. 35ff.

  28
. Tseng,
Imperial Museums
, p. 4; a useful survey is Knell et al.,
National Museums
.

  29
. Hochreiter,
Musentempel
, p. 64.

  30
. On the collectors of antiquities in India and Egypt between 1750 and 1850, see Jasanoff,
Edge of Empire
.

  31
. D. M. Reid,
Whose Pharaohs?
pp. 104–6.

  32
. In keeping with the German tradition of Ottoman studies, the more familiar name “Istanbul” (first made official in 1930) is here used throughout for the city. In the nineteenth century, it featured in the everyday speech of ordinary Turks, and one often finds the forms “Stambul” or “Stamboul” in Western sources. Few historians of diplomacy still prefer to speak of Constantinople.

  33
. See Anja Laukötter, “Das Völkerkundemuseum,” in: Geisthövel and Knoch,
Orte der Moderne
, pp. 218–27; and, for a first-rate account of the politics and culture of collections and exhibitions, with examples especially from Scotland and New Zealand, Henare,
Museums
, esp. chs. 7 and 8.

  34
. Penny,
Objects of Culture
, p. 2.

  35
. A. Zimmerman,
Anthropology
, pp. 173f.

  36
. See the account of the plundering of Benin City in West Africa by a British “punitive expedition” in 1897, after which the famous “Benin bronzes” were shipped off to the British Museum, in: Coombes,
Reinventing Africa
, pp. 9–28.

  37
. P. Conrad,
Modern Times
, p. 347.

  38
. See the moving story of a group of Australian aborigines who were put on display in the 1880s in, among other places, Brussels, Paris, Gothenburg, Moscow, Wuppertal, and Istanbul in: Poignant,
Professional Savages
.

  39
. There is a vast literature on this subject. Especially worthy of note are Greenhalgh,
Ephemeral Vistas
; Hoffenberg,
An Empire on Display
; Tenorio Trillo,
Mexico
; Geppert,
Fleeting Cities
.

  40
. Auerbach,
Great Exhibition
; P. Young,
Globalization and the Great Exhibition
.

  41
. See the overview in Headrick,
Information
, pp. 142ff.

  42
. Sayer,
Bohemia
, p. 96.

  43
. Rétif,
Pierre Larousse
, pp. 165ff.

  44
. Çikar,
Fortschritt durch Wissen
, pp. 35f., 74–76.

  45
. Kaderas,
Leishu
, esp. pp. 257–80.

  46
. See details in Ogilvie,
Words of the World
.

  47
. Schumpeter,
Economic Analysis
, pp. 519ff.

  48
. Stierle,
Paris
, p. 108.

  49
. “Essai politique sur l'île de Cuba,” in: Humboldt,
Relation historique
, vol. 3, pp. 345–501; volume 3, with the imprint “1825” was actually published only in 1831. English translation: Humboldt,
Political Essay
.

  50
. Buchanan,
Journey from Madras
.

  51
. Marx and Engels,
Collected Works
, vol. 4, p. 302.

  52
. Mayhew,
London Labour
, vol. 1, p. v.

  53
. Among his many works,
Les ouvriers européens
(Paris 1855), stands out in particular.

  54
. This kind of realism may also be found in other genres, such as painting or the operas of Verdi.

  55
. Lepenies,
Between Literature and Science
, pp. 4–5.

  56
. See Moretti's
Atlas of the European Novel
and volume 3 of his five-volume collection
Il romanzo
.

  57
. Schmidt-Glintzer,
Geschichte der chinesischen Literatur
, pp. 490–93.

  58
. Kato,
Japanese Literature
, ch. 9.

  59
. Although most German historians of Eastern Europe prefer the term “Russia's empire” (on the correct grounds of its multiethnicity), I shall use “Russian Empire” or “Tsarist Empire” throughout in the interests of readability; this also concurs with the usage of such an authority as Kappeler,
Russian Empire
.

  60
. On most of these authors, see the internationally unrivaled entries in D. Henze's
Enzyklopädie
.

  61
. See Robertson,
Raja Rammohan Ray
. Li Gui's diary has been translated in: Desnoyers,
A Journey to the East
.

  62
. Wang Xiaoqiu, “A Masterful Chinese Study of Japan from the Late-Qing Period: Fu Yunlong and His
Youli Riben tujing
,” in: J. A. Fogel,
Sagacious Monks
, pp. 200–217. The term “volume” here refers to a
juan
, a fascicle in Chinese bookbinding.

  63
. Cf. Das,
History of Indian Literature
, pp. 83ff., 100ff., 132ff.

  64
. Keene,
Japanese Discovery of Europe
. See also
chapter 3
, below.

  65
. Godlewska and Smith,
Geography and Empire
.

  66
. On the irrational side of travel and exploration, see Fabian,
Out of Our Minds
; Driver,
Geography Militant
.

  67
. On the modern history of cartography, see Headrick,
Information
, pp. 96–141; Akerman and Karrow,
Maps
; Akerman,
The Imperial Map
. See also
chapter 3
, below.

  68
. Yonemoto,
Mapping Early Modern Japan
, pp. 173f.

  69
. On the rise of the
kaozheng
school, see Elman,
From Philosophy to Philology
, pp. 39–85.

  70
. These were at their grandest in the Napoleonic period: see Godlewska,
Geography Unbound
, pp. 149–90.

  71
. Dabringhaus,
Territorialer Nationalismus
, pp. 57ff.

  72
. Dahrendorf,
LSE
, pp. 3ff., 94ff.; D. Ross,
Origins
, p. 123.

  73
. Schwentker,
Max Weber in Japan
, pp. 62–64.

  74
. Gransow,
Geschichte der chinesischen Soziologie
, esp. pp. 51f.

  75
. Lai,
Adam Smith across Nations
.

  76
. Ho Ping-ti,
Studies
, p. 97.

  77
. Hanley and Yamamura,
Preindustrial Japan
, p. 41; Hayami,
Historical Demography
, pp. 21–38; Hayami,
Population
, p. 167.

  78
. Karpat,
Ottoman Population
, p. 22.

  79
. Livi-Bacci,
World Population
, p. 30.

  80
. For a detailed account of the rise of statistical bureaux in Europe, see Dupâquier and Dupâquier,
Histoire de la démographie
, pp. 256ff.

  81
. P. C. Cohen,
A Calculating People
, p. 176.

  82
. What follows draws on Cohn,
An Anthropologist
, pp. 231–50.

  83
. Maheshwari,
Census Administration
, pp. 62ff.

  84
. Christopher,
Census of the British Empire
.

  85
. Joshua Cole,
Power of Large Numbers
, pp. 80–84.

  86
. Bourguet,
Déchiffrer la France
, pp. 68f., 97f.

  87
. Cullen,
Statistical Movement
, pp. 45ff.

  88
. Patriarca,
Numbers
, p. 4.

  89
. See R. D. Brown,
The Strength of a People
, a study focused mainly on the history of ideas.

  90
. Stöber,
Deutsche Pressegeschichte
, p. 164.

  91
. Ibid., pp. 136f.

  92
. Robin Lenman, “Germany,” in: R. J. Goldstein,
War for the Public Mind
, pp. 35–79.

  93
. On “seditious libel,” see L. W. Levy,
Emergence of a Free Press
, esp. ch. 1.

  94
. Bumsted,
Peoples of Canada
, pp. 1f.

  95
. Macintyre,
Australia
, p. 118; Rickard,
Australia
, p. 93.

  96
. Carr,
Spain
, p. 287.

  97
. R. J. Goldstein,
Political Censorship
, pp. 34–43 (and Tab. 2.1, p. 35).

  98
. R. Price,
French Second Empire
, pp. 171–87; Charle,
Le siècle de la presse
, p. 111.

  99
. Robert Justin Goldstein, “France,” in: idem,
War for the Public Mind
, p. 156; Livois,
Histoire de la presse française
, vol. 2, p. 393.