The Undivided Past (49 page)

  56.
Vickery, “Golden Age to Separate Spheres?” p. 392; S. Alexander, “Women, Class and Sexual Differences in the 1830s: Some Reflections on the Writing of Feminist History,”
History Workshop Journal
18 (1984): 130–31.

  57.
Bennett, “Medieval Women in Modern Perspective,” p. 158.

  58.
J. T. Wood, “A Critical Response to John Gray’s Mars and Venus Portrayals of Men and Women,”
Southern Communication Journal
67 (2002): 203–5; T. Hames, “The Message for Earthlings: Men Aren’t Martians and Women Aren’t Venusians,”
Times
(London), September 5, 2005.

  59.
Guardian Unlimited
, May 3, 2003; N. Walter, “Prejudice and Evolution,”
Prospect
(June 2005): 34–39; C. Fine,
Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society and Neurosexism Create Difference
(London, 2005); R. Jordan-Young,
Brain Storm: The Flaws in the Science of Sex Differences
(Cambridge, Mass., 2010).

  60.
G. Bock, “Challenging Dichotomies: Perspectives on Women’s History,” in K. Offen, R. R. Pierson, and J. Rendall, eds.,
Writing Women’s History: International Perspectives
(Bloomington, Ind., 1991), p. 7.

  61.
Beauvoir,
Second Sex
, pp. xxiv–xxv; Hines,
Brain Gender
, pp. 213–14.

  62.
Wood, “Critical Response,” pp. 205–6; D. T. Rodgers,
Age of Fracture
(Cambridge, Mass., 2011); p. 153; S. M. Evans,
The Tidal Wave: How Women Changed America at Century’s End
(New York, 2003), p. 153.

  63.
G. Vlastos, “Does Slavery Exist in Plato’s Republic?,”
Classical Philology
63 (1968): 291–95; E. V. Spelman, “Hairy Cobblers and Philosopher-Queens,” in B.-A. Bar On, ed.,
Engendering Origins: Critical Feminist Readings in Plato and Aristotle
(Albany, N.Y., 1994), pp. 3–24.

  64.
E. V. Spelman, “Who’s Who in the Polis,” in Bar On,
Engendering Origins
, pp. 99–125.

  65.
R. W. Connell, “The Big Picture: Masculinities in Recent World History,”
Theory and Society
22 (1993): 597–623; Connell,
Masculinities
(Cambridge, 1995), esp. pp. 77–81; E. A. Rotundo,
American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era
(New York, 1993); J. Tosh, “What Should Historians Do with Masculinity? Reflections on Nineteenth-Century Britain,”
History Workshop Journal
38 (1994): 179–202; G. L. Mosse,
The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity
(New York, 1996).

  66.
A. Shepard,
Meanings of Manhood in Early Modern England
(Oxford, 2003), pp. 2–3; author’s emphasis.

  67.
E. Power, “The Position of Women,” in C. G. Crump and E. F. Jacob, eds.,
The Legacy of the Middle Ages
(Oxford, 1926), pp. 401–33; Bennett, “Medieval Women in Modern Perspective,” pp. 143–48.

  68.
D. G. Neal,
The Masculine Self in Late Medieval England
(Chicago, 2008), pp. 1–11, 241–53; D. M. Hadley, “Introduction: Medieval Masculinities,” in Hadley, ed.,
Masculinity in Medieval Europe
(London, 1999), pp. 6–8.

  69.
Hufton,
Prospect Before Her
, pp. 492–513; Mendelson and Crawford,
Women in Early Modern England
, pp. 301–44.

  70.
Shepard,
Meanings of Manhood
, pp. 1–5; K. Harvey, “The History of Masculinity, Circa 1650–1800,”
Journal of British Studies
44 (2005): 296–311.

  71.
Vickery, “Golden Age to Separate Spheres?,” p. 390; J. Tosh, “Masculinities in an Industrializing Society: Britain, 1800–1914,”
Journal of British Studies
44 (2005): 337.

  72.
Greer,
Female Eunuch
, pp. 25, 369.

  73.
N. Jay, “Gender and Dichotomy,”
Feminist Studies
7 (1981): 38–56; Bock, “Challenging Dichotomies,” pp. 1–23; M. Wiesner-Hanks, “World History and the History of Women, Gender, and Sexuality,”
Journal of World History
18 (2007): 55.

  74.
J. M. Faragher,
Women and Men on the Overland Trail
(New Haven, 1979), pp. xi, 3, 14–15; Faragher, “History from the Inside Out: Writing the History of Women in Rural America,”
American Quarterly
33 (1981): 537–57.

  75.
Beauvoir,
Second Sex
, pp. xx-xxi.

  76.
Scott, “Fantasy Echo,” pp. 285–87.

  77.
Walters,
Feminism
, p. 90; R. Milkman, “Women’s History and the Sears Case,”
Feminist Studies
12 (1986): 394–95; M. Minow, “Learning to Live with the Dilemma of Difference: Bilingual and Special Education,”
Law and Contemporary Problems
48 (1984): 160; J. W. Scott,
Parité! Sexual Equality and the Crisis of French Universalism
(Chicago, 2005), pp. 51–58.

  78.
Alexander, “Women, Class and Sexual Differences,” p. 126; Rodgers,
Age of Fracture
, pp. 148–49; S. Kent, “Worlds of Feminism,” in Smith,
Women’s History in Global Perspective
, vol. 3, p. 275.

  79.
Scott,
Gender and the Politics of History
, pp. 167–69.

  80.
Friedan,
Feminist Mystique
, pp. 525–26; Greer,
Female Eunuch
, pp. 13–26, 353–71; Greer,
Whole Woman
, pp. 236–43; Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, pp. 253–54.

  81.
Hufton,
Prospect Before Her
, p. 495.

  82.
Evans,
The Feminists
, pp. 15–16; Offen,
European Feminisms
, pp. 50–76; B. G. Smith,
Changing Lives: Women in European History Since 1700
(Lexington, Mass., 1989), pp. 93–133; O. Hufton, “Women in Revolution, 1789–96,”
Past and Present
, no. 53 (1971): 90–108; Hufton,
Prospect Before Her
, pp. 462–90, 495.

  83.
Evans,
The Feminists
, pp. 23–32; D. Reynolds,
One World Divisible: A Global History Since 1945
(New York, 2000), pp. 308–9; J. S. Chafez and A. G. Dworkin,
Female Revolt: Women’s Movements in World and Historical Perspective
(Totowa, N.J., 1986), p. 218.

  84.
E. Sarah, “Towards a Reassessment of Feminist History,”
Women’s Studies International Forum
5 (1982): 519–24.

  85.
Smith,
Changing Lives
, pp. 348–49; Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, pp. 108–9, 121–22.

  86.
Offen,
European Feminisms
, pp. 144–81; Smith,
Changing Lives
, pp. 349–50; Evans,
The Feminists
, pp. 246–53.

  87.
Evans,
The Feminists
, pp. 211–28.

  88.
Ibid., pp. 46–47; Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, pp. 123–24.

  89.
Steinbach,
Women in England
, pp. 273–74; S. S. Holton,
Feminism and Democracy: Women’s Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain, 1900–1918
(Cambridge, 1986), p. 7.

  90.
Steinbach,
Women in England
, pp. 285–92.

  91.
Ibid., p. 269.

  92.
Ibid., pp. 224–25, 270.

  93.
Ibid., pp. 250–59.

  94.
Evans,
The Feminists
, pp. 124–37; Steinbach,
Women in England
, pp. 249, 276; Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, pp. 136–37.

  95.
Smith,
Changing Lives
, pp. 302–13; L. A. Tilly, “Women’s Collective Action and Feminism in France, 1870–1914,” in L. A. Tilly and C. Tilly, eds.,
Class Conflict and Collective Action
(Beverly Hills, Calif., 1981), pp. 207–31.

  96.
Evans,
The Feminists
, pp. 250–52; Offen,
European Feminisms
, pp. 257–61; Smith,
Changing Lives
, pp. 365–68; H. H. Alonso, introduction to J. Addams, E. G. Balch, and A. Hamilton,
Women at The Hague: The International Conference of Women and Its Results
(Urbana, Ill., 2003 ed.), pp. v–xl.

  97.
Evans,
The Feminists
, pp. 188–231; Reynolds,
One World Divisible
, p. 308.

  98.
Reynolds,
One Word Divisible
, p. 309; Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, pp. 179–81.

  99.
Friedan,
Feminine Mystique
, pp. 423–27; J. Meyerowitz, “Beyond the Feminine Mystique: A Reassessment of Postwar Mass Culture, 1946–1958,”
Journal of American History
79 (1993): 1455–82.

100.
L. Segal,
Is the Future Female?
(New York, 1987), pp. 43–55.

101.
B. Linden-Ward and C. H. Green,
Changing the Future: American Women in the 1960s
(New York, 1993), p. 79.

102.
Walters,
Feminism
, pp. 110–12.

103.
R. Morgan, “Introduction: The Women’s Revolution,” in Morgan, ed.,
Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women’s Liberation Movement
(New York, 1970), p. xiii; R.-M. Lagrave, “A Supervised Emancipation,” in F. Thebaud, ed.,
A History of Women in the West
, vol. 5 (Cambridge, Mass., 1994), pp. 466–77.

104.
L. B. Iglitizin and R. Ross, eds.,
Women and the World, 1975–1985: The Woman’s Decade
(Santa Barbara, Calif., 1986).

105.
Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, pp. 355–56; D. Russell and N. van de Ven, preface to Russell and van de Ven, eds.,
The Proceedings of the International Tribunal on Crimes Against Women
(Millbrae, Calif., 1976), p. xv; R. Morgan, “Prefatory Note and Methodology,” in Russell and van de Ven, ed.,
Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women’s Movement Anthology
(New York, 1984), p. xii.

106.
Reynolds,
One World Divisible
, pp. 686–88.

107.
Scott,
Gender and the Politics of History
, pp. 2–3, 15–27; Steinbach,
Women in England
, pp. 3–4; R. Morgan, “Introduction: New World Women,” in Morgan, ed.,
Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women’s Anthology for a New Millennium
(New York, 2003), p. lv.

108.
Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, pp. 21–22, 195–96, 206.

109.
Scott,
Gender and the Politics of History
, pp. 188–89; L. F. Brown,
Apostle of Democracy: The Life of Lucy Maynard Salmon
(New York, 1943), p. 256.

110.
Greer,
Female Eunuch
, p. 11.

111.
Reynolds,
One World Divisible
, p. 312.

112.
Rodgers,
Age of Fracture
, p. 150.

113.
Walters,
Feminism
, p. 105; bell hooks,
Feminist Theory from Margin to Center
(Boston, 1984).

114.
Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, pp. xii, xvii.

115.
Greer,
Female Eunuch
, pp. 12–13, 77–78; Friedan,
Feminist Mystique
, pp. 519–26; Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, pp. 213–16, 234–36, 253–58; Reynolds,
One World Divisible
, pp. 311–12.

116.
J. Olcott, “Preface to The Greatest Consciousness-Raising Event in History: International Women’s Year and the Challenge of Transnational Feminism” (unpublished paper, Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies, Princeton University, February 26, 2010).

117.
Walters,
Feminism
, p. 117.

118.
Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, p. xvii.

119.
Rodgers,
Age of Fracture
, p. 178; J. Dean,
Solidarity of Strangers: Feminism After Identity
(Berkeley, 1996), p. 1.

120.
See, for example, the varied views expressed in AHR Forum, “Revisiting ‘Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,’ ”
American Historical Review
113 (2008): 1344–1430.

121.
Scott,
Only Paradoxes to Offer
, p. 160; Scott, “Fantasy Echo,” pp. 285–90.

122.
Bennett, “Medieval Women,” p. 171.

123.
M. Nussbaum, “The Professor of Parody,”
New Republic
, February 22, 1999, pp. 37–45; Walters,
Feminism
, pp. 140–41.

124.
Rodgers,
Age of Fracture
, pp. 11, 61–64, 146, 1564–56; Scott,
Only Paradoxes to Offer
, pp. 11–13, 172–75; Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, p. 395;
J. Halley,
Split Decisions: How and Why to Take a Break from Feminism
(Princeton, 2006), p. 10.

125.
Beauvoir,
Second Sex
, p. xx.

126.
D. Haraway, “A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s,” in L. Nicholson, ed.,
Feminism/Postmodernism
(London, 1990), p. 197.

127.
Greer,
Whole Woman
, pp. 4, 13.

128.
For some suggestive comments on this subject in the British case, see B. Harrison,
Finding a Role? The United Kingdom, 1970–1990
(Oxford, 2010), pp. 237–39.

129.
Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, p. xix.

130.
Rodgers,
Age of Fracture
, pp. 164–74.

131.
Reynolds,
One World Divisible
, pp. 318–29, 400–401, 660; Walters,
Feminism
, pp. 123–31; N. R. Keddie, “Women in the Middle East Since the Rise of Islam,” in Smith,
Women’s History in Global Perspective
, vol. 3, pp. 94–106.

132.
Greer,
Whole Woman
, pp. 3–20.

133.
Morgan,
Sisterhood Is Forever
, p. lv; Reynolds,
One World Divisible
, pp. 686–87; A. Wolf, “Working Girls,”
Prospect
, April 2006, pp. 28–33.