The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (109 page)

7 The Bear and the Whale Russia and Great Britain

1
.
Scarborough Evening News
, 24 October 1904.
2
. Neilson,
Britain and the Last Tsar
, 255–8.
3
. Herring,
From Colony to Superpower
, 360–61.
4
. McDonald,
United Government
, 70–71.
5
. Kleĭnmikhel’,
Memories of a Shipwrecked World
, 176.
6
. Lincoln,
In War’s Dark Shadow
, 224.
7
. McDonald,
United Government
, 71; Lincoln,
In War’s Dark Shadow
, 225.
8
. McDonald,
United Government
, 71, 73.
9
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, 144.
10
. Figes,
A People’s Tragedy
, 179–86.
11
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, 149.
12
. Airapetov,
Generalui
, 12.
13
. Figes,
A People’s Tragedy
, 16.
14
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, 39.
15
. McDonald,
United Government
, 16n39.
16
. Ibid., 16.
17
. Izvol’skiĭ and Seeger,
The Memoirs of Alexander Iswolsky
, 270n.
18
. Carter,
The Three Emperors
, 64–71; Lieven,
Nicholas II
, 40–42, 58–9, 166–7.
19
. Carter,
The Three Emperors
, 69.
20
. Steinberg,
All the Tsar’s Men
, 29–31.
21
. Ibid., 30.
22
. Lincoln,
In War’s Dark Shadow
, 33.
23
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, 42.
24
. Neklyudov,
Diplomatic Reminiscences
, 4.
25
. McDonald,
United Government
, 65–6.
26
. Neilson,
Britain and the Last Tsar
, 70.
27
. Carter,
The Three Emperors
, 225.
28
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, 64.
29
. Ibid., 71.
30
. Ibid., 141.
31
. Neilson,
Britain and the Last Tsar
, 62.
32
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, 102.
33
. McDonald,
United Government
, 70.
34
. Ibid., 70.
35
. Ibid., 73 and chs 2 and 3.
36
. Ibid., 40–41.
37
. Radziwill,
Behind the Veil
, 226.
38
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, 65–6.
39
. Kleĭnmikhel’,
Memories of a Shipwrecked World
, 211–12.
40
. Radziwill,
Behind the Veil
, 230.
41
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, 227.
42
. Ibid., 55n8.
43
. Carter,
The Three Emperors
, 221.
44
. Neilson,
Britain and the Last Tsar
, 55.
45
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, 149; Figes,
A People’s Tragedy
, 191.
46
. Radziwill,
Behind the Veil
, 357; Lincoln,
In War’s Dark Shadow
, 343.
47
. Figes,
A People’s Tragedy
, 230; Radziwill,
Behind the Veil
, 361.
48
. Lieven,
Russia and the Origins
, 23–4.
49
. Fuller,
Strategy and Power in Russia
, 415.
50
. Szamuely,
The Russian Tradition
, 19.
51
. Quoted in Robert Chandler, ‘Searching for a Saviour’,
Spectator
(London), 31 March 2012.
52
. Kennan,
Siberia and the Exile System
, 55.
53
. Dowler,
Russia in 1913
, 198.
54
. Vinogradov, ‘1914 God: Byt’ Ili ne Byt’ Vojne?’, 162.
55
. Fuller,
Strategy and Power in Russia
, 378.
56
. Neilson,
Britain and the Last Tsar
, 86 and ch. 3.
57
. Weinroth, ‘The British Radicals’, 665–70.
58
. Gilmour,
Curzon
, 201.
59
. Hinsley,
British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey
, 135–6.
60
. Fuller,
Strategy and Power in Russia
, 364–5; Neilson,
Britain and the Last Tsar
, 113–15.
61
. Jusserand,
What Me Befell
, 203.
62
. Lieven,
Russia and the Origins
, 6.
63
. Stevenson,
Armaments
, 53.
64
. Lieven, ‘Pro-Germans and Russian Foreign Policy’, 38.
65
. Airapetov,
Generalui
, 10–11.
66
. Fuller,
Strategy and Power in Russia
, 379–82.
67
. Ibid., 404.
68
. Lieven, ‘Pro-Germans and Russian Foreign Policy’, 41–2.
69
. Spring, ‘Russia and the Franco-Russian Alliance’, passim.
70
. Ibid., 569.
71
. Soroka, ‘Debating Russia’s Choice’, 14.
72
. Hantsch,
Leopold Graf Berchtold
, 33.
73
. Taube,
La Politique russe d’avant-guerre
, 15.
74
. Ibid., 43.
75
. Soroka, ‘Debating Russia’s Choice’, 11.
76
. Ibid., 4.
77
. Carter,
The Three Emperors
, 138.
78
. Albertini,
The Origins of the War
, vol. I, 159.
79
. Lieven, ‘Pro-Germans and Russian Foreign Policy’, 43–5.
80
. Levine and Grant,
The Kaiser’s Letters to the Tsar
, 118, 120.
81
. Andrew,
Théophile Delcassé
, 250–52.
82
. Carter,
The Three Emperors
, 130.
83
. Cecil,
Wilhelm II
, 14.
84
. Carter,
The Three Emperors
, 185; Bülow,
Memoirs of Prince von Bulow
, vol. II, 146.
85
. Balfour,
The Kaiser and His Times
, 248.
86
. Albertini,
The Origins of the War
, vol. I, 159–60; Bülow,
Memoirs of Prince von Bulow
, vol. II, 152–3; McDonald,
United Government and Foreign Policy in Russia
, 78–9.
87
. Levine and Grant,
The Kaiser’s Letters to the Tsar
, 191–4.
88
. Lerman,
The Chancellor as Courtier
, 128–30.
89
. Bülow,
Memoirs of Prince von Bulow
, vol. I, 161.
90
. Hopman,
Das ereignisreiche Leben
, 144.
91
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, 192.
92
. BD, vol. IV, 205, pp. 219–20.
93
. Neilson,
Britain and the Last Tsar
, 102–3.
94
. Taube,
La Politique russe d’avantguerre
, 90.
95
. Ibid., 101.
96
. Soroka, ‘Debating Russia’s Choice’, 15.
97
. Hantsch,
Leopold Graf Berchtold
, 49.
98
. Csáky,
Vom Geachteten zum Geächteten
, 67.
99
. In the original ‘Je l’ai regretté tous les jours, mais je m’en félicité toutes les nuits’. Bülow,
Memoirs of Prince von Bulow
, vol. II, 325.
100
. Radziwill,
Behind the Veil
, 380.
101
. Taube,
La Politique russe d’avant-guerre
, 105.
102
. BD, vol. IV, 219, 235–6.
103
. Fuller,
Strategy and Power in Russia
, 416.
104
. Soroka, ‘Debating Russia’s Choice’, 3.
105
. Taube,
La Politique russe d’avant-guerre
, 103.
106
. Nicolson,
Portrait of a Diplomatist
, 183–5.
107
. Hinsley,
British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey