The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (111 page)

114
. Balfour,
The Kaiser and His Times
, 333.
115
. Berghahn,
Germany and the Approach of War
, 174–8.
116
. Gooch, ‘Attitudes to War’, 97.
117
. Rohkrämer, ‘Heroes and Would-be Heroes’, 199–203.
118
. Stromberg, ‘The Intellectuals’, 109.
119
. Urbas,
Schicksale und Schatten
, 67–8.
120
. Kessler,
Journey to the Abyss
, 581.
121
. Stromberg, ‘The Intellectuals’, 117–18n37.
122
. Ibid., 120; Weber,
The Nationalist Revival in France
, 108–9.

10 Dreaming of Peace

1
. Laurence, ‘Bertha von Suttner’, 184–5.
2
. Ibid., 196.
3
. Blom,
The Vertigo Years
, 192.
4
. Laurence, ‘Bertha von Suttner’, 186–7; Joll and Martel,
The Origins of the First World War
, 260–61; LaFeber,
The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations
, 43.
5
. Kennedy,
Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism
, 293.
6
. Rotte, ‘Global Warfare’, 483–5.
7
. Bloch,
The Future of War
, xxx.
8
. Ibid., lxxi.
9
. Ibid., ix.
10
. Ibid., xix.
11
. Travers, ‘Technology, Tactics, and Morale’, 266.
12
. Bloch,
The Future of War
, xvi.
13
. Ibid., xi.
14
. Dungen, ‘Preventing Catastrophe’, 456–7.
15
. Ceadel,
Living the Great Illusion
, 4, 20–21.
16
. Angell,
The Great Illusion
, Kindle version, loc. 4285.
17
. Ibid., loc. 947–9.
18
. Ibid., loc. 633–4.
19
. Ibid., loc. 1149.
20
. Steiner and Neilson,
Britain and the Origins
, 142; Ceadel,
Living the Great Illusion
, 8–12, 22.
21
. Offer,
The First World War
, 250.
22
. Laity,
The British Peace Movement
, 189.
23
. Cooper, ‘Pacifism in France’, 360–62.
24
. Bülow,
Memoirs of Prince von Bulow
, vol. II, 383.
25
. Chickering, ‘Problems of a German Peace Movement’, 46, 52.
26
. Chickering,
Imperial Germany
, 239–53.
27
. Wank, ‘The Austrian Peace Movement’, 42–3; Dülffer, ‘Efforts to Reform the International System’, 28.
28
. Herring,
From Colony to Superpower
, 358–60.
29
. Patterson, ‘Citizen Peace Initiatives’, 187–92.
30
. Herring,
From Colony to Superpower
, 357–8.
31
. Chickering,
Imperial Germany
, 345.
32
. Cooper, ‘Pacifism in France’, 366–7.
33
. Morris, ‘The English Radicals’ Campaign’, passim.
34
. Weinroth, ‘The British Radicals’, 661–2.
35
. Kessler,
Journey to the Abyss
, 336, 368–9.
36
. Zweig,
The World of Yesterday
, 226.
37
. Cooper, ‘Pacifism in France’, 363.
38
. Anderson,
The Rise of Modern Diplomacy
, 253–5.
39
. Ibid., 255.
40
. Morrill, ‘Nicholas II and the Call’, 296–313.
41
. Dülffer, ‘Chances and Limits of Arms Control’, 98.
42
. Dülffer, ‘Citizens and Diplomats’, 30–31.
43
. Joll and Martel,
The Origins of the First World War
, 258.
44
. Massie,
Dreadnought
, 429.
45
. Chickering,
Imperial Germany
, 225.
46
. Dülffer, ‘Citizens and Diplomats’, 25.
47
. Laurence, ‘The Peace Movement in Austria’, 55.
48
. Andrew,
Théophile Delcassé
, 121.
49
. BD, vol. I, 274, pp. 224–5; 276, p. 226.
50
. White,
The First Hague Conference
, 114.
51
. Tuchman,
The Proud Tower
, 252.
52
. BD, vol. I, 282, pp. 229–31.
53
. White,
The First Hague Conference
, 8.
54
. Ibid., 18–19.
55
. Dülffer, ‘Citizens and Diplomats’, 24.
56
. Dülffer, ‘Chances and Limits of Arms Control’, 102.
57
. Chickering,
Imperial Germany
, 227.
58
. Ibid., 228.
59
. Aehrenthal,
Aus dem Nachlass
, 388.
60
. Stevenson,
Armaments
, 109.
61
. Laity,
The British Peace Movement
, 171–2.
62
. Laurence, ‘The Peace Movement in Austria’, 29.
63
. Stevenson,
Armaments
, 109–10.
64
. Ceadel,
Semi-Detached Idealists
, 166.
65
. Charykov,
Glimpses of High Politics
, 261.
66
. Marder,
From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow
, 133.
67
. Chickering,
Imperial Germany
, 229–30.
68
. Steiner, ‘Grey, Hardinge and the Foreign Office’, 434–5.
69
. Dülffer, ‘Efforts to Reform the International System’, 40.
70
. Howorth, ‘French Workers and German Workers’, 85.
71
. Chickering,
Imperial Germany
, 269.
72
. Laurence, ‘Bertha von Suttner’, 194.
73
. Joll,
The Second International
, 107.
74
. Craig,
Germany, 1866–1945
, 267–9; Joll,
The Second International
, 89–90.
75
. Groh, ‘The “Unpatriotic Socialists”’, 153–5.
76
. Chickering,
Imperial Germany
, 272.
77
. Joll,
The Second International
, 100–105; Goldberg,
Life of Jean Jaurès
, 329–30.
78
. Goldberg,
Life of Jean Jaurès
, 13.
79
. Ibid., 63–5.
80
. Ibid., 15, 375; Heinrich,
Geschichte in Gesprächen
, 327–8.
81
. Goldberg,
Life of
Jean Jaurès
, 385.
82
. Porch,
The March to the Marne
, 247–9.
83
. Joll,
The Second International
, 126–43, 197.
84
. Chickering,
Imperial Germany
, 275; Haupt,
Socialism and the Great War
, 90–91, 107.
85
. Haupt,
Socialism and the Great War
, 67–8.
86
. Ibid., 64.
87
. Ibid., 91–2; Joll,
The Second International
, 152–7.
88
. Haupt,
Socialism and the Great War
, 102–3.
89
. Joll,
The Second International
, 70.
90
. Howorth, ‘French Workers and German Workers’, 75; Chickering, ‘War, Peace, and Social Mobilization’, 16–17.
91
. Joll,
The Second International
, 49–54; Howorth, ‘French Workers and German Workers’, 78–81.
92
. Haupt,
Socialism and the Great War
, 68–9.
93
. Ibid., 69–70.
94
. Joll,
The Second International
, 123–4.
95
. Haupt,
Socialism and the Great War
, 64–6.
96
. Ibid., 77.
97
. Ibid., 114; Goldberg,
Life of Jean Jaurès
, 435–8.
98
. Cooper,
Patriotic Pacifism
, 171.
99
. Ibid., 165–7.
100
. Chickering,
Imperial Germany
, 317.
101
. Weinroth, ‘The British Radicals’, 676; Chickering,
Imperial Germany
, 118.
102
. Cooper, ‘Pacifism in France’, 365.
103
. Angell,
The Great Illusion
Kindle version, loc. 2928–30.

11 Thinking about War

1
. Howard, ‘The Armed Forces’, 217.
2
. Stevenson, ‘War by Timetable?’, 167–8; Herwig, ‘Conclusions’, 232.
3
. Howard,
The Franco-Prussian War
, 14.
4
. Stevenson, ‘War by Timetable?’, 167.
5
. Bucholz,
Moltke, Schlieffen
, 146–7, 229, 232.
6
. Ibid., 150.
7
. Stevenson, ‘War by Timetable?’, 171.
8
. Craig,
The Politics of the Prussian Army
, 197n3.
9
. Bucholz,
Moltke, Schlieffen
, 64–6.
10
. Craig,
The Politics of the Prussian Army
, 216.
11
. Moltke,
Erinnerungen
, 11.
12
. Herwig, ‘Conclusions’, 231.
13
. Showalter, ‘Railroads’, 40.
14
. Stevenson, ‘War by Timetable?’, 192–3.
15
. Evera, ‘The Cult of the Offensive’, 73–6.
16
. Hamilton, ‘War Planning’, 13.
17
. Herwig, ‘Imperial Germany’, 90.
18
. Herwig, ‘From Tirpitz Plan to Schlieffen Plan’, 57.
19
. Tirpitz,
My Memoirs
, vol. II, 290.
20
. Bond,
The Victorian Army and the Staff College
, 133.
21
. Kronenbitter,
Krieg im Frieden
, 88.
22
. Echevarria, ‘Heroic History’, 573–90.
23
. Echevarria, ‘On the Brink of the Abyss’, 31–3.
24
. Howard, ‘The Armed Forces’, 206–9.
25
. Travers, ‘Technology, Tactics, and Morale’, 268.
26
. Welch, ‘The Centenary’, 273–94.
27
. Bloch, ‘The Wars of the Future’, 307.
28
. Ibid., 314–15.
29
. Cairns, ‘International Politics’, 280–81.
30
. Bloch, ‘The Wars of the Future’, 314.
31
. Travers, ‘Technology, Tactics, and Morale’, 273–4.
32
. Burkhardt, ‘Kriegsgrund Geschichte?’, 72–4.
33
. Mombauer, ‘German War Plans’, 52n10.
34
. Snyder,
The Ideology of the Offensive
, 26–30; Evera, ‘The Cult of the Offensive’, passim.
35
. Travers, ‘Technology, Tactics, and Morale’, 271n22.
36
. Doughty,
Pyrrhic Victory
, 25.
37
. Howard, ‘Men Against Fire’, 10–11.
38
. Messimy,
Mes Souvenirs
, 119.
39
. Porch, ‘The French Army’, 120.
40
. Ibid., 118.
41
. Gooch, ‘Attitudes to War’, 95.
42
. Echevarria, ‘On the Brink of the Abyss’, 27–8, 30–31.
43
. Foley,
German Strategy
, 41.
44
. Howard, ‘Men Against Fire’, 8–10.
45
. Cairns, ‘International Politics’, 282.
46
. Foley,
German Strategy
, 28–9.
47
. Kieβling,
Gegen den ‘Groβen Krieg’?
, 43–50, 139; McDonald,
United Government
, 199–201; Kronenbitter,
Krieg im Frieden
, 139.
48
. Kronenbitter,
Krieg im Frieden
, 126–31.
49
. Förster, ‘Dreams and Nightmares’, 345, 360.
50
. Maurer,
The Outbreak of the First World War
; see, for example, ch. 1.
51
. Förster, ‘Der deutschen Generalstab’, 61–95.
52
. Csáky,
Vom Geachteten zum Geächteten
, 137.
53
. Mombauer, ‘German War Plans’, 59.