The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (110 page)

, 158.
108
. Bülow,
Memoirs of Prince von Bulow
, vol. II, 352.
109
. Menning and Menning, ‘“Baseless Allegations”’, 373.
110
. Grey,
Twenty-five Years
, vol. I, 154.
111
. Spring, ‘Russia and the Franco-Russian Alliance’, 584.
112
. Albertini,
The Origins of the War
, vol. I, 189.

8 The Loyalty of the Nibelungs: The Dual Alliance of Austria-Hungary and Germany

1
. Geiss, ‘Deutschland und Österreich-Ungarn’, 386.
2
. Angelow, ‘Der Zweibund zwischen Politischer’, 58; Snyder,
The Ideology of the Offensive
, 107.
3
. Bülow,
Memoirs of Prince von Bulow
, vol. II, 367.
4
. Ibid., 362.
5
. Stevenson,
Armaments
, 4.
6
. Stone,
Europe Transformed
, 315.
7
. Redlich,
Emperor Francis Joseph
, 40.
8
. Palmer,
Twilight of the Habsburgs
, 23.
9
. Margutti,
The Emperor Francis Joseph
, 26–7.
10
. Ibid., 50.
11
. Palmer,
Twilight of the Habsburgs
, 230–31.
12
. Margutti,
The Emperor Francis Joseph
, 35–50; Redlich,
Emperor Francis Joseph
, 17–18, 188.
13
. Palmer,
Twilight of the Habsburgs
, 172.
14
. Margutti,
The Emperor Francis Joseph
, 45–6.
15
. Ibid., 52.
16
. Palmer,
Twilight of the Habsburgs
, 265.
17
. Ibid.
18
. RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ (W) 4 August 1874 (Princess Beatrice’s copies).
19
. Margutti,
The Emperor Francis Joseph
, 48.
20
. Leslie, ‘The Antecedents’, 309–10; Williamson, ‘Influence, Power, and the Policy Process’, 419.
21
. Lukacs,
Budapest 1900
, 49–50, 108–12.
22
. Deák,
Beyond Nationalism
, 69.
23
. Vermes,
Istv’an Tisza
, 102.
24
. Freud,
Civilization and Its Discontents
, 61.
25
. Steed,
Through Thirty Years
, vol. I, 196.
26
. Wank, ‘Pessimism in the Austrian Establishment’, 299.
27
. Ibid.; Johnston,
The Austrian Mind
, 47.
28
. Boyer, ‘The End of an Old Regime’, 177–9; Stone,
Europe Transformed
, 304; Johnston,
The Austrian Mind
, 48; Urbas,
Schicksale und Schatten
, 77; Bridge,
From Sadowa to Sarajevo
, 254.
29
. Boyer, ‘The End of an Old Regime’, 174–7; Palmer,
Twilight of the Habsburgs
, 291; Stone,
Europe Transformed
, 316; Stevenson,
Armaments
, 4; Williamson,
Austria-Hungary
, 44–6.
30
. Palmer,
Twilight of the Habsburgs
, 293.
31
. Czernin,
In the World War
, 46; Macartney,
The Habsburg Empire
, 746; Steed,
Through Thirty Years
, 367; Wank, ‘The Archduke and Aehrenthal’, 86.
32
. Ibid.
33
. Steed,
Through Thirty Years
, vol. I, 367; Bridge,
The Habsburg Monarchy
, 7.
34
. Czernin,
In the World War
, 48.
35
. Ibid., 50; Afflerbach,
Der Dreibund
, 596–7.
36
. Hantsch,
Leopold Graf Berchtold
, 389.
37
. Aehrenthal,
Aus dem Nachlass
, 179–80.
38
. Bridge, ‘Tarde Venientibus Ossa’, passim.
39
. Sondhaus,
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
, 82–4; Ritter,
The Sword and the Sceptre
, 229.
40
. Hoetzendorf,
Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hötzendorf
, 174–5.
41
. Sondhaus,
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
, 73–4.
42
. Hoetzendorf,
Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hötzendorf
, 66; Sondhaus,
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
, 89, 104.
43
. Hoetzendorf,
Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hötzendorf
, 30.
44
. Ibid., 210.
45
. Ibid., 31; Sondhaus,
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
, 111; Williamson,
Austria-Hungary
, 49–50.
46
. Bridge,
From Sadowa to Sarajevo
, 440.
47
. Ibid., 267.
48
. Bosworth,
Italy and the Approach
, 55–7.
49
. Herwig, ‘Disjointed Allies’, 271; Angelow, ‘Der Zweibund zwischen Politischer’, 34; Margutti,
The Emperor Francis Joseph
, 220–28; Williamson,
Austria-Hungary
, 36.
50
. Bridge,
From Sadowa to Sarajevo
, 254–5, 427–8; Margutti,
The Emperor Francis Joseph
, 127, 228.
51
. Musulin,
Das Haus am Ballplatz
, 80; Stevenson,
Armaments
, 38–9; Williamson,
Austria-Hungary
, 114.
52
. Bridge, ‘Austria-Hungary and the Boer War’, 79.
53
. Bridge,
From Sadowa to Sarajevo
, 260; Steiner,
The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy
, 182–3; Williamson,
Austria-Hungary
, 112.
54
. Wank, ‘Foreign Policy and the Nationality Problem in Austria-Hungary’, 45.
55
. Bridge,
From Sadowa to Sarajevo
, 232–4; Jelavich,
Russia’s Balkan Entanglements
, 212–13.

9 What Were They Thinking? Hopes, Fears, Ideas, and Unspoken Assumptions

1
. Kessler,
Journey to the Abyss
, xxi.
2
. Schorske,
Fin-de-siècle Vienna
, 213–19.
3
. Ibid., 346–8.
4
. Kessler,
Journey to the Abyss
, 230.
5
. Lukacs,
Budapest 1900
, 129–32.
6
. Offer,
The First World War
, 121–7.
7
. Ibid., 128.
8
. Wank, ‘The Archduke and Aehrenthal’, 83n33.
9
. Sondhaus,
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
, 84–5.
10
. Förster, ‘Der deutschen Generalstab’, 95.
11
. Offer,
The First World War
, 129.
12
. Deák,
Beyond Nationalism
, 128–9, 134–6.
13
. Lukacs,
Budapest 1900
, 184n.
14
. Weber,
France: Fin de Siècle
, 218–20.
15
. Offer, ‘Going to War in 1914’, 217.
16
. Kronenbitter,
Krieg im Frieden
, 33.
17
. Lieven,
Russia and the Origins
, 22.
18
. Neklyudov,
Diplomatic Reminiscences
, 5.
19
. Bernhardi,
Germany and the Next War
, 28.
20
. Offer, ‘Going to War in 1914’, 216.
21
. Rathenau,
Briefe
, 147.
22
. Rathenau and von Strandmann,
Walther Rathenau
, 142–3.
23
. Stromberg, ‘The Intellectuals’, 115, 119.
24
. Tanner,
Nietzsche
, 4 and passim.
25
. Blom,
The Vertigo Years
, 354.
26
. Kessler,
Journey to the Abyss
, 128.
27
. Cronin,
Paris on the Eve
, 43–6.
28
. Ibid., 47.
29
. Wohl,
The Generation of 1914
, 6–7.
30
. Blom,
The Vertigo Years
, ch. 8.
31
. Tuchman,
The Proud Tower
, 88–97.
32
. Ibid., 106.
33
. De Burgh,
Elizabeth
, 326–7.
34
. Butterworth,
The World that Never Was
, 323.
35
. Barclay,
Thirty
Years
, 142.
36
. Gooch, ‘Attitudes to War’, 95; Hynes,
The Edwardian Turn of Mind
, 24–7.
37
. Hynes,
The Edwardian Turn of Mind
, 26–7.
38
. Weber,
France: Fin de Siècle
, 224.
39
. Ibid., 12.
40
. Tuchman,
The Proud Tower
, 32; Blom,
The Vertigo Years
, 184–5.
41
. Travers, ‘Technology, Tactics, and Morale’, 279.
42
. Miller et al.,
Military Strategy
, 14n28.
43
. Steiner and Neilson,
Britain and the Origins
, 171.
44
. Hull,
The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II
, 133–5.
45
. Hynes,
The Edwardian Turn of Mind
, 201.
46
. Ibid., 199.
47
. Gildea,
Barricades and Borders
, 268–7.
48
. Ousby,
The Road to Verdun
, 155–6.
49
. Bourdon,
The German Enigma
, 170.
50
. Hynes,
The Edwardian Turn of Mind
, 286–7.
51
. Blom,
The Vertigo Years
, 334 and ch. 13.
52
. Leslie, ‘The Antecedents’, 312.
53
. I am grateful to Brigadier David Godsal for his permission to quote this extract from the unpublished diary of Captain Wilmot Caulfeild.
54
. Gooch, ‘Attitudes to War’, 94.
55
. Bernhardi,
Germany and the Next War
, 26.
56
. Joll and Martel,
The Origins of the First World War
, 276–7.
57
. Lukacs,
Budapest 1900
, 130–32.
58
. Schorske,
Fin-de-Siècle Vienna
, 133–46.
59
. Bernhardi,
Germany and the Next War
, 57–8.
60
. Berghahn, ‘War Preparations and National Identity’, 311ff.
61
. Nolan,
The Inverted Mirror
, 25.
62
. Steiner and Neilson,
Britain and the Origins
, 165.
63
. Hewitson,
Germany and the Causes
, 92.
64
. Eby,
The Road to Armageddon
, 6.
65
. Martel,
The Origins of the First World War
, 280–81.
66
. Cannadine et al.,
The Right Kind of History
, 19–20, 23–4.
67
. Langsam, ‘Nationalism and History’, 250–51.
68
. Joll and Martel,
The Origins of the First World War
, 274–5.
69
. Bernhardi,
Germany and the Next War
, 57.
70
. Ibid., 20.
71
. Berghahn, ‘War Preparations and National Identity’, 316.
72
. Cannadine et al.,
The Right Kind of History
, 53.
73
. Roberts,
Salisbury
, 799.
74
. Kennedy, ‘German World Policy’, 616–18.
75
. Fischer, ‘The Foreign Policy of Imperial Germany’, 26.
76
. Joll,
1914
, 18.
77
. Hewitson,
Germany and the Causes
, 95.
78
. Thompson,
Northcliffe
, 155–6.
79
. Steiner, ‘The Last Years’, 76.
80
. Ousby,
The Road to Verdun
, 154–6.
81
. Hewitson, ‘Germany and France’, 574–5, 580–81.
82
. Nolan,
The Inverted Mirror
, 56.
83
. Herwig,
The Marne
, 32–3.
84
. Nolan,
The Inverted Mirror
, 30.
85
. Bourdon,
The German Enigma
, 163–4.
86
. Nolan,
The Inverted Mirror
, 58.
87
. Ibid., 61.
88
. Gooch, ‘Attitudes to War’, 96.
89
. Förster, ‘Facing “People’s War”’, 223–4.
90
. Ritter,
The Sword and the Scepter
, 102.
91
. Joll,
The Second International
, 196.
92
. Stevenson,
Armaments
, 38.
93
. Ferguson,
The Pity of War
, 31–3.
94
. Förster, ‘Im Reich des Absurden’, 213–14; Feldman, ‘Hugo Stinnes’, 84–5.
95
. Steed,
Through Thirty Years
, 359.
96
. Lieven,
Russia and the Origins
, 16–17; Bushnell, ‘The Tsarist Officer Corps’, passim.
97
. Airapetov,
Poslednyaya Voina Imperatorskoi Rossii
, 44–58.
98
. Ritter,
The Sword and the Sceptre
, 102–3.
99
. Bourdon,
The German Enigma
, 207.
100
. Eby,
The Road to Armageddon
, 4.
101
. Howard, ‘Men Against Fire’, 17.
102
. Rohkrämer, ‘Heroes and Would-be Heroes’, 192–3.
103
. Steiner and Neilson,
Britain and the Origins
, 169.
104
. Hynes,
The Edwardian Turn of Mind
, 28–9.
105
. Linton, ‘Preparing German Youth for War’, 177–8.
106
. Ibid., 167.
107
. Ibid., 180–83.
108
. Weber,
France: Fin de Siècle
, 215–17; Porch,
The March to the Marne
, 207–10.
109
. Porch,
The March to the Marne
, 92–3.
110
. Ibid., ch. 5, 106–7; Harris,
The Man on Devil’s Island
, 365–6.
111
. Porch,
The March to the Marne
, ch. 7.
112
. Ibid., 189.
113
. Clark,
Iron Kingdom
, 596–9.