Thieves of State: Why Corruption Threatens Global Security (40 page)

France, 67, 108, 116, 157, 161, 172
n
, 176, 178, 180, 185

fraud, 25, 120, 187, 217

in Afghan elections, 42

development project contracts and, 127–28

in kleptocracies, 186

Free Officers’ Movement, 82

fusion cells (intelligence), 189

G-20, 187

Gad, Mohammad, 85

Gafsa, 100

Gamal (engineer), 86–87, 127

game theory, 44–45, 156

gas, 73, 113, 117

Gates, Robert, 149, 153

General Motors, 112

George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, 64–65

Germany, 64–65, 173–77

Ghali, Amine, 95–96, 97, 98

Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad al-, 26–27, 43

Ghaznavid Empire, 10

Ghazni, 10

GIRoA (Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan),
see
Afghan government

Global Fund for Peace, 122

gold, 110, 113

government:

ability to administer justice as indispensable to, 12

criminal organizations compared with, 62, 66, 88–89, 135, 148

God and, 157, 158–60, 162, 170, 172

leaders of,
see
leaders

naiveté of, 32

objective of, 167

people not heard by, 17, 32

soft state, 88

as structurally rigid, 32

Westerners’ two views on, 148

see also
autocratic rule; democracy; kleptocracies; leaders; military dictatorships; monarchy;
specific governments

government corruption:

absence of integrity and, 62–64

in Afghanistan, 4–7, 36–37, 40–42, 59–61

bribery and, 4, 5, 34–36, 106, 108–9, 111–13, 140–42

bureaucracy of, 91–100

as cause of insurgency, 6, 7, 29, 36–37, 41, 42, 43, 44, 63–64, 155, 184

in Egypt, 78–90, 81–86

international security and, 184

land grabbing and, 4, 11–12

money seizing and, 9, 11, 16

national security and, 6–7, 14–15, 16–17, 18–19, 43

in Nigeria, 118–34

in Northern Africa, 67–77

in Pakistan, 83
n

resources extracted by, 122–23, 126–27, 186, 195

as driver of extremism, 7, 41, 69, 89

terrorism enabled by, 184, 185

in Tunisia, 91–100

in Uzbekistan, 101–17

see also
anticorruption efforts

Government Operated NGOs (GONGOs), 128–29, 194

Grand Remonstrance, 163

Great Britain, 15, 48, 121, 142, 161–66

American colonies of, 168

Great Hunger, 206

Gross, Richard, 47

Guardian,
208

Guevara, Antonio de, 157

Gulf wars, 81, 181

Guri, Muhammad, 121

Haarde, Geir, 207–8

Habsburg dynasty, 157

Haiti, 186

hangings by Taliban (people and cell-phones), 4

Hannibal, 76

Harman, Jane, 27–28

Harry, Prince of Wales (16th century), 10, 162, 181

Hassan, Anas, 90

Hassan II, King of Morocco, 71

hawala,
140–41

Henry II, King of England, 15, 35

Hibou, Béatrice, 93–94, 95, 185

High Office of Oversight, 47

Hijran Karez, 4

Hizb-u Tahrir, 104, 105, 116, 117

Holder, Eric, 154, 193

Holland, 156-161, 166
see also
Low Country; Netherlands

Honduras, 185

House of Commons, 164
see also
Parliament

Huguenots, 172
n
, 181

humanitarian aid, 44, 46, 95, 185, 186, 188, 194–6
see also,
foreign aid; corruption, development resources and

human rights, 101, 114, 162–63, 168, 169, 170, 172
n
, 201

Human Rights Watch, 105, 107, 120, 180

Hungary, 24

Iceland, 207

constitution revisions in, 208–9

economy in, 207–8

iconoclasm, 179–80, 183

Ikramov, Surat, 101–2

Ilkhamov, Alisher, 106, 110

income taxes, 18, 140

independent judiciary, 71–72

India, 83
n

indulgences, 174, 176

Initiative Group of Independent Human Rights Defenders, 102

injustice:

as cause of Arab revolutions, 70

danger posed by, 14

as fueling insurgency, 44

rebellion as result of, 15

Inside Job,
210

Insitut du Monde Arabe, 10

Institute for the Study of War, 136

insurgency, insurgents, 40, 66, 75, 152

in Afghanistan, 4, 6–7, 29, 41, 42, 63–64, 75, 135, 136, 137, 144, 145, 153

corruption as cause of, 6–7, 29, 36–37, 41, 42, 43, 44, 63–64, 71, 151–52, 155, 184

extremist, 29, 66, 75, 83
n

kill/capture list of, 50

intellectual property theft, 185

intelligence agencies, 189

Afghan government officials should be studied by, 46

officials paid by, 154–55, 190

see also
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

intelligence investigations, 49–50, 51, 136–38, 151

fear of leaks in, 51

intermediaries:

in anticorruption effort, 203

as block between leader and people, 26, 27, 103–4

corrupt, as cause of rebellion, 15, 29, 37, 158

exploitation of position by, 24, 26–27, 29

government misconduct as fault of, 104, 160

leaders’ accountability for, 14, 15, 16, 164

for private investment in corrupt countries, 108–9

International Association of Supreme Audit Institutions, 191

international community, 41, 198

Afghan government and, 14, 30–31, 42–43, 45, 64

anticorruption efforts and, 47–53, 64

fear of violent extremism exploited by autocratic rulers, 117

lack of knowledge within, 32–33, 45–46

International Court of Justice, 98

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 76, 115, 125, 194, 198

international security, 66, 184–187

kleptocracies and, 76, 184–187

International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 29, 37, 38, 39–43, 46, 50, 52, 55, 56, 60, 64, 111, 136, 138, 144, 151, 155, 177, 222
n

Iran, 143, 149, 184

Iraq, 76, 77, 135, 139, 184, 186, 195, 196, 224
n

2003 war in, 181

insurgency in, 139

oil in, 181

Ireland, 207, 209

corruption in, 205–6

economy in, 205–6

Iron Curtain, 24

Islam, 10, 12, 15, 21, 26, 158, 182, 183

fear of, 102

in Nigeria, 118–19, 125, 130, 132, 133

political, 21–22, 75, 90

radical, 69

in Uzbekistan, 102, 104, 105, 117

Islamic law (shari’a), 119, 129–30, 180

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), 117

Islamic Salvation Front, 20

Islamist garb, 181

as uniform, 21

Islamists, 90, 99, 104, 116, 119, 125
n
, 132, 140, 180, 224
n

Israel, 1982 invasion of Lebanon by, 181

Italy, 95, 124

J4A, 129

James I, King of England, 9–10, 162, 181, 221
n
, 237
n

Jedda, Marwan, 99

Jesus Christ, 175

jihadis, 99–100, 117, 181, 183

compared to Protestants, 180–81

see also specific groups

Jizzakh, 114

Job (biblical figure), 63

Johnson, Simon, 209

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 37–38, 67, 68, 72, 136, 145, 153, 154, 197

Jonathan, Goodluck, 123, 126

Judaism, 158

judicial systems, 71–72, 86, 87–88, 98–99

justice, 15, 44, 171, 157
n

ability to provide as indispensable to a government’s survival, 12

Justice Department, U.S., 149, 153–54

Kabul, 5, 10, 26, 33, 39, 49, 52, 55, 70, 94, 135–36, 140–41, 144, 145, 155

Kabul Bank, 141, 150

Kagan, Fred, 136

Kagan, Kim, 136

Kairouane, 96

Kalashnikov, 22

Kandahar, 3–4, 5, 6, 10, 29, 33, 37, 38, 53–56, 61, 70, 102, 152, 223
n

accountability of powerful for actions of underlings as explicit in, 14

anti-Taliban militia in, 22

arbitrary detention in, 12

Arghand soap factory in, 3, 33–34

construction scams in, 13, 33

development work in, 44

housing project in, 23

land grabbing in, 4, 11

launching an NGO in, 23, 24–25

opium in, 62, 65

Kandahar Airfield, 53, 54, 135

Kandahar Strike Force, 54

Kano, 118–21, 125, 127–28, 130, 134

Karimov, Islam, 101, 103–5, 106
n
, 110, 116, 117

Karimova, Gulnora, 107–10, 111, 116, 216

Karimova, Lola, 109

Karimov family, corrupt activities of, 106
n
, 110

Karzai, Ahmed Wali, 4, 24, 51–52, 54–55, 56, 70, 137, 151

Karzai, Hamid, 4, 23–24, 29, 38, 40, 45, 46, 50, 51, 56, 59–61, 62, 135, 138, 140, 141–42, 144, 145, 146, 149, 152, 165, 182, 225
n

CIA money paid to, 154

on corruption, 60–61

suggested evaluation period for, 150–51

honest officials’ fear of, 143

Karzai, Qayum, 23–24

Karzai brothers, 23, 33

Kawakibi Democracy Transition Center, 98

Kayani, Ashfaq Parvez, 38

Kazakhstan, 115

Kelibia, 94, 95, 198

Khalili, Karim, 61

Khattab, Mukhtar, 85

Khattab, Umar ibn al-, 12–13

kidnapping,
see
arbitrary detention

kleptocracies, 6, 59, 67–77, 135

in Afghanistan, 6, 140–41, 149, 153, 154, 205

aid captured by,
see
corruption, development resources and; humanitarian aid

allied with transnational organized crime, 185

autocratic (Uzbekistan), 101–17

bureaucracy as an enforcer of, 96–98

crony-capitalist, 83–85, 90

civil service and, 91
n

contradictory reactions to, 178
n

deliberately cultivating conflict, 186

divine right monarchies as, 159

economic distortions caused by, 186

environmental degradation exacerbated by, 186

in Egypt, 78–90, 214

as enabled by U.S., 181–82

environmental degradation and, 186

as fodder for insurgency,
see
corruption, insurgency linked to; extremism, government corruption as driver of

intelligence collection and analysis of, 189

military, 79–83

in Nigeria 118–34, 205

providing haven to terrorist groups, 184–185

in the pre-Reformation Catholic church, 174–77, 178, 180, 183

purchase of office in, 125, 165, 184

religious extremism and,
see
extremism, government corruption as driver for

security threats emanating from, 184–187

tools to combat, 188–204

in Tunisia, 91–100

as unreliable military allies, 186

violating international law, 185

in Uzbekistan, 101–117, 215

Western catalyzation of, 148

Kokand, 116

Kolenda, Christopher, 58

Komer, Robert W., 147

Kwak, James, 209

Kyl, John, 27

Kyrgyzstan, 110

labor:

child, 101, 114

forced, 113–14

labor laws, 81

land grabbing, 4, 11–12, 51, 81, 94, 111, 151

land mines, 4

land value, 94

Laruelle, Marlene, 110, 112, 115–16

Lauren, Fredrik, 108–9

law, 193–4:

appeal to, 171

asset forfeiture, 193

circumvention of, 86, 98, 109, 210

Foreign Corrupt Practices (Act), 149, 193

in rem
forfeiture, 149–50

as instrument of equity, 16, 17–18

Islamic (shari’a), 119, 129–30, 180

purpose of, 18, 166

violations of, 184

see also
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; Racketeer-Influenced and Corrupt Organizations

law enforcement, U.S., 51, 140, 142

leaders:

accountability of, 14, 15, 16, 160, 164

advice literature for,
see
advice literature (“Mirrors for Princes”)

connecting with people, 31–32, 103–4, 157

divine right of kingship and, 10, 157, 158–60, 162, 170, 237
n

as greedy and self-serving, 73–76, 79, 92–97, 107–10, 116, 157, 182

inaccessibility of, 26–27, 103–4, 157

intermediaries of,
see
intermediaries

requisition of goods by, 9, 16

as tyrants, 16, 74

see also
command responsibility

Lebanon, 1982 Israeli invasion of, 181

legislative power, 167–69

Leo X, Pope, 174–75

Libya, 68, 77, 81, 91, 98, 100, 196

Lille, governor of, 178, 179

Lisitsyna, Masha, 102

Livy, 18

loans, 65–66, 74, 76, 93–94, 95, 97, 124, 141, 198, 207

Locke, John, 167–68, 171, 205

London, 83, 161, 163, 164

Louhichi, Murad, 96, 98

Low Country, 161, 183
see also
Holland; Netherlands

Loyd, Paula, 35, 36, 223
n

Luther, Martin, 173, 174–76

Lynch, John, 157

MacArthur Foundation, 123

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 8–9, 17, 18, 70, 75, 89

Madison, James, 169

Mafia, 60, 62

Magna Carta, 162, 170

Mainz, archbishop of, 174

Major Crimes Task Force (MCTF), 48–49, 50, 52–53, 56, 141–42, 143

Mali, 180

Maliki, Nuri Kamal al-, 224
n

Malinowski, Thomas, 191

Marines, U.S., 139, 186

Marshall, Ruth, 133

Marshall, Shana, 79

Marshall Plan, 76

Mary, Queen of Scots, 162

Massachusetts Bay, 181

Mattis, James, 139

McChrystal, Stanley, 29–30, 38, 39, 48, 54, 56, 58, 135–36, 141

McKiernan, David, 37, 38

McMaster, H. R., 234
n

media propaganda, 82

Medici, Giovanni de’, 9

Medici family, 8–9

restoration, 9

Mediterranean Sea, 20, 67, 72, 81, 91, 94, 118

Mednine, 99

Mexico, 185

Meyer, Kirk, 140–41, 143

militaries, 186, 196–7

advice and assist role of, 197