Three Scientific Revolutions: How They Transformed Our Conceptions of Reality (43 page)

Preface to the First Edition
,
74
–
76

Scholium in,
76
,
77
,
79
–
80

and religion,
71
–
72
,
76
,
87
,
88
,
122
–
23

similarities with Galileo,
79
,
80

style of presentation,
60

on time and space,
198

“Newton's rings,”
69
,
110

NHGRI.
See
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)

Niccolini, Francesco,
59

Nicholson, John,
180

Nobel Prize,
150
,
151
,
158
,
162
,
163
,
166
,
177
,
192
,
193
,
207
,
208
,
209
,
213
–
14
,
243
,
246

nuclear physics,
140
,
183
,
213
,
226

nucleus of the atom,
174
,
176
–
77
,
178
–
84

Obama, Barack,
229

observable evidence/properties,
11
,
35
,
55
,
147
,
155
,
190
,
194

“occult force or powers,”
40
,
57
,
80
,
86
,
93
,
164

odd number law,
12
,
44
,
59

“Ode Dedicated to Newton” (Halley),
74

Oersted, Hans Christian,
113
,
114
,
145
–
46

On a Dynamical Theory of the Electro-magnetic Field
(Maxwell),
147

On Motion [De Motu]
(Galileo),
43

“On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids” (Dalton),
125
–
26

“On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules” (Bohr),
179

“On the Heavens” (Aristotle),
23

On the Magnet [De Magnete]
(Gilbert),
38
,
94
–
96

On the Motion of Bodies in Orbit [De Motu corporum in gyrum]
(Newton),
73
–
74

“On the Nature of the Principle which Combines with Metals during Calcination and Increases their Weight” (Lavoisier),
121

On the Nature of Things [De rerum natura]
(Lucretius),
25

On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres [De revolutionibus orbium coelestium]
(Copernicus),
10
,
36

“On the Soul” (Aristotle),
23

“On the Theory of Light and Colors” (Young),
110
,
143

“Opinions and Conjectures Concerning the Properties and Effects of the Electric Matter, arising from Experiments and Observations made at Philadelphia, 1749” (Franklin),
103
–
104
,
105
–
106

Opticks
(Newton),
75
,
76
,
81
,
83
–
87
,
93
,
96
,
109
,
147
–
48

compared with
Principia Mathematica
,
83
–
84

optogenetics,
234
,
235
–
36

orbits of planets.
See
celestial mechanics

Oreme, Nicole,
59

Orestes (governor of Alexandria),
33

“Outlines of Experiments and Inquiries Respecting Sound and Light” (Young),
109
,
142

Oxford Dictionary,
240

oxygen,
107
,
118
,
119
,
121
,
122
,
128
,
135
,
136
,
147

in water,
126
,
131
,
137

Pais, Abraham,
152
–
53
,
158
,
180
,
181
,
182
–
83
,
194
–
95
,
197
,
206
–
207

“Parallel Worlds,”
220

Parkinson's disease,
244
,
254

particle physics,
85
–
86

particles

alpha
rays,
157

having wave properties,
194

infinitely divisible,
117
–
18

of light (photons),
162
–
63
,
181
,
184

Newton on,
122
,
155

subatomic particles,
149
,
153
,
204

Partington, J. R.,
121

pattern recognition and robots,
233
,
234

Patterson, Clair,
217

Patterson, Elizabeth C.,
124
–
25

Pauli, Wolfgang,
178
,
184
,
193
,
196
,
209
–
210
,
227

Paul III (pope),
36

Paul V (pope),
47

Peachell, John,
81
–
82

perception,
50
–
52
,
64
–
65

and belief in an external world,
219
,
223
–
24

and the human brain,
237
.

See also
senses

Periodic Law (Meyer),
135
,
147

Periodic Table (Mendeleev),
135
–
37
,
147
,
188
,
222
.

See also
elements

Perrin, Jean-Baptiste,
164
,
174
–
75

Petit, Alexis,
132
–
33
,
134
,
135

Philolaus of Croton,
20
,
29

Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
(Newton).
See
Principia Mathematica
(Newton)

Philosophical Magazine
,
153
,
175
,
177

Philosophical Transactions
(Royal Society),
96
,
98
,
109
,
142

phlogiston theory of combustion,
100
,
118
–
20
,
121
–
22

photons,
70
,
84
,
162
,
163
–
64
,
181
,
184
,
185
–
86
,
206
,
208
,
209
,
212
,
224

Physicae subterraneae
(Becher),
119

Physical Review
(journal),
201

physical world, composition of

four elements of the physical world,
12
,
20
,
21
,
23
,
117
,
190
.

See also
atoms and atomism

physics,
149

and the atom,
173
–
217

origins of modern atomism,
117
–
37

future of,
219
–
56

in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries,
139
–
72

nuclear physics,
140
,
183
,
213
,
226

“Physics” (Aristotle),
23

Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations
(Heisenberg),
187

Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100
(Kaku),
222
,
229
–
30

Piccolomini, Ascanio,
59

Planck, Max,
14
,
65
,
84
,
160
–
64
,
179
–
81
,
184
,
194
,
199

Planck's constant,
162
,
179
,
180
–
81
,
184
–
85
,
192
,
200

theory of radiation,
179

Planck as a unit of length,
226

Planck telescope,
217

Plato,
20
,
21
,
24
,
27
,
28
,
37
,
39
,
109
,
190

“Pleiades” constellation,
11
,
46

Plücker, Julius,
148

“plum pudding” model of the atom,
173
,
179

Podolsky, Boris,
201
,
203
.

See also
EPR article

positivism,
154
,
155

Priestley, Joseph,
92
–
93
,
107
,
119
–
20
,
121
–
22

Principia Mathematica
(Newton),
65
,
66
,
68
,
72
–
79
,
81
,
83
,
88
,
164

compared to
Opticks
,
83
–
84

Preface to the First Edition
,
74
–
76

Scholium in,
76
,
77
,
79
–
80

Prior Analytics, The
(Aristotle),
22

probability,
161
,
197

Proceedings of the Royal Society
,
206

projectile motion,
60

Protestant denominations,
252