Three Scientific Revolutions: How They Transformed Our Conceptions of Reality (41 page)

See also
atoms and atomism

Industrial Revolution,
92
–
93
,
230

inertia,
60
,
76
,
118

inertial systems,
167
,
169
,
170

Infeld, Leopold,
114
,
140
,
147

infinite particles theory,
117

“Inflationary Universe,”
220
,
223

“insensible particles,”
11
,
21
,
64
,
75

Institute of Theoretical Physics,
178
,
190
,
199
,
206
,
220

intercellular fluids,
239
,
244

international conflicts, causes of,
251
–
54

“Ionian fallacy,”
19

Island of Knowledge, The
(Gleiser),
228

isotopes,
151
,
157
–
58
,
176
,
177

“Is the End in Sight for Theoretical Physics?” (Fritzsch),
216

James II (king),
81
,
82

James Webb Space Telescope,
14
,
223

Jeans, James.
See
Rayleigh-Jeans Law

Jefferson, Thomas,
18

Jeffreys, Lord,
82

Joan of Arc,
248
–
49

Johnson, George,
217

Jordan, Pascual,
184
,
192
,
193
,
196

Journal de Physique [Journal of Physics]
,
130

Joyce, James,
212

Jupiter,
11
,
37
,
45
,
47
,
53
,
56
,
69

J/Y particle,
213

Kaku, Michio,
139
,
222
,
225
–
27
,
229
–
30
,
231
,
233
–
34
,
237
,
238
,
239
–
41
,
242
,
245
,
249
,
254
,
255

Kandel, Erick,
246
–
47

Kant, Immanuel,
155
,
223

Kasparov, Gary,
232
,
238

Kaufmann, Walter,
157

Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson),
160
,
166

Kepler, Johannes,
12
,
23
,
37
–
42
,
65
,
66
,
68
–
69
,
75
,
79
,
89
,
190

clockwork universe,
11
,
37
,
41
,
64
,
91

Commentaries on the Movement of Mars
(Kepler),
39

Cosmographic Mystery, The [Mysterium Cosmographicum]
(Kepler),
20

Dioptrice
(Kepler),
40

Epitome Astronomæ Copernicanæ
(Kepler),
69

on gravity,
11
,
37
,
40
,
57
,
68
,
86

laws of,
39
,
55
,
63
,
64
,
67
,
68
,
73
,
77
–
78

on the motion of planets,
10
–
11
,
38
–
39
,
43
,
53
,
64
,
69
,
109

New Astronomy [Astronomia Nova]
(Kepler),
39

Rudolphine Tables [Tabula Rudophinæ]
(Kepler),
41

World Harmony [Harmonice Mundi]
(Kepler),
40

Kepler Space Telescope,
14

Kikkawa, Keiji,
225

Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert,
148

Kirsh, Yoram,
176
,
177
,
185
–
86
,
192

KISMET (robot),
234

Kleist, E. G. von,
101

Koestler, Arthur,
39

Koran,
252

Kramer, Hendrik “Hans,”
178
,
187

La Bilancetta [The Little Balance]
(Galileo),
43

LAGR (robot),
233

Langevin, Paul,
169

Large Hadron Collider at CERN,
211

Laue, Max von,
183

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent,
118
,
120
–
22
,
137
,
147

“Laws of Motion, The” (Newton),
65
,
67
–
68

Lederman, Leon,
221

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von,
88

Lemaître, Georges,
140

Lenard, Philipp,
149
,
152

leptons,
208
,
212
,
213
,
214

“Letter to Castelli” (Galileo),
48

Leucippus,
11
,
21
,
117
,
122
,
128
,
137
,
147

“Leyden jar,”
102
,
103
,
105
,
106

l'Hôpital, Marquis de,
81
,
88

light,
108
–
113
,
141
,
165
–
66

and the aether theory,
144
–
45

Descartes on,
67
,
69
,
109

Einstein on,
184
–
85

as form of electromagnetism,
70
,
112
–
14
,
141
,
147
,
165
,
182

Galileo and the velocity of light,
75

Newton on,
66
,
69
–
70
,
75
,
84
–
85
,
147
–
48

corpuscular theory of (particle theory),
70
,
84
,
109
–
110
,
111
,
112
–
13
,
140
–
41
,
142
–
44

particles of (photons),
162
–
63
,
181
,
184
.
See also
photons

Planck on “quantum of energy,”
184
–
85

polarization of,
111
,
112
,
143
–
44

prismatic experiments,
13

and radiation,
70
,
85

speed of,
13
,
142
,
144
,
147

velocity of,
112

wave-particle duality of light,
141
,
184
–
86

wave theory of light,
13
,
70
,
84
,
109
,
111
–
13
,
140
–
41
,
143
–
44
,
165

Lindley, David,
222
,
223

Little Balance, The [La Bilancetta]
(Galileo),
43

Locke, John,
52
,
83
,
117
,
155

Lorentz, Hendrik,
166
,
168

Lucretius,
23
,
25
–
27
,
117

Lunar Society,
93

Mach, Ernst,
154
,
155
,
203

Madison, James,
18

magnetism,
93
,
99
,
114
,
141
,
145
–
46
,
153
,
157
,
205
,
228

and electrons,
205
,
206
,
207
,
209

Gilbert on,
38
–
39
,
94
–
96

Newton on,
84
,
86
,
93
,
109

and protons,
209

relation between magnetism and electricity,
113
,
141
,
145
.

See also
electromagnetism

magneton,
206

Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society,
124
–
25
,
175

Mann, Charles C.,
191
,
193
,
195
–
96
,
206
,
207
,
208
,
214
–
15

Mars

orbit of,
10
–
11
,
37
,
38
,
53
,
55
–
56
,
68
,
69

recent discoveries,
45
,
223

Marsden, Ernest,
173
,
174

mathematics,
18
,
19
–
20
,
21
,
27
,
28
,
30
,
32
,
33
,
89
,
107
,
114

differential calculus (fluxions),
28
,
77
–
78
,
124

influence on scientific inquiry,
37

language of mathematics,
89
,
107

as language of nature,
42
,
65
,
75