Under the Bloody Flag (23 page)

Notes

  
1.
  
CSPI 1509
–
73
, p. 151;
APC
1558
–
70
, p. 23;
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 24–5; G.D. Ramsay,
The City of London in International Politics at the Accession of Elizabeth Tudor
(Manchester, 1975), pp. 113–4, 125–6;
Tudor Proclamations
, II, p. 101.

  
2.
  
CSPD 1547
–
80
, p. 136; J.H. Burton (ed.),
The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 1545
–
1569
(Edinburgh, 1877), pp. 430–2.

  
3.
  
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 97–8;
CSPS 1558
–
67
, p. 61;
CSPF 1558
–
59
, pp. 228, 233, 585–6;
CSPF 1559
–
60
, p. 251.

  
4.
  
CSPF 1558
–
59
, p. 388;
Pays
–
Bas
, I, pp. 604–5; II, pp. 138, 635; HCA 1/38, ff. 94–5v.

  
5.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, p. 92.

  
6.
  Nichols (ed.),
Diary
, pp. 212–3;
CSPF 1559–60
, p. 4; HCA 1/38, f. 95v.

  
7.
  
CSPD 1547
–
80
, p. 144; Levy, ‘Strange Life and Death’, pp. 135–6.

  
8.
  
Calendar
, pp. 25–6 for Fobbe;
Pays
–
Bas
, I, p. 601; II, pp. 180–1, 415, 501–2, 569–75, 589–90.

  
9.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 150, 207;
Pays
–
Bas
, II, pp. 406–7;
Calendar
, p. 24.

10.
  
CSPF 1560
–
61
, p. 558;
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 24–5, 37.

11.
  
CSPF 1560
–
61
, p. 558.

12.
  
CSPF 1560
–
61
, p. 559. J.D. Tracy, ‘Herring Wars: The Habsburg Netherlands and the Struggle for Control of the North Sea, c. 1520–1560’,
The Sixteenth Century Journal
, 24 (1993), pp. 256–66.

13.
  
CSPF 1560
–
61
, p. 56;
CSPF 1561
–
62
, pp. 134, 191–2, 276–7.

14.
  
CSPF 1561
–
62
, pp. 133, 149, 193.

15.
  
CSPF 1561
–
62
, pp. 134–5, 137, 193.

16.
  
CSPF 1561
–
62
, pp. 134–5.

17.
  
CSPF 1561
–
62
, pp. 143–4, 150;
CSPF 1560
–
61
, pp. 557–60.

18.
  
CSPF 1561
–
62
, pp. 133, 192.

19.
  
CSPF 1561
–
62
, pp. 192–3, 276–7;
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 207, 211–2;
Tudor Proclamations
, I, pp. 171–2.

20.
  
CSPF 1562
, p. 162. Phetiplace or Fetiplace was also known as Petit–Pas,
Pays
–
Bas
, III, p. 626. Marychurch was pardoned in 1562,
CPR 1563
–
66
, p. 327.

21.
  
CSPF 1562
, p. 89.

22.
  
CSPF 1562
, pp. 162, 590–1.

23.
  
CSPF 1563
, pp. 61, 232, 259;
CPR 1560
–
63
, p. 502; J. Bain et al. (eds.),
Calendar of the State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary, Queen of Scots 1547
–
1603
, 13 vols. (Edinburgh, 1898–1969), II, p. 1.

24.
  
CSPF 1563
, p. 619. By January 1566 he was in Milford Haven, E.A. Lewis (ed.),
The Welsh Port Books (1550
–
1603)
(London, 1927), p. 315.

25.
  
CSPI 1509
–
73
, pp. 230–1;
CSPF 1564
–
65
, pp. 27, 79–80, 174. Phetiplace’s declaration presented his actions in northern Spain as a legitimate response to Spanish hostility, SP 63/10/22. In 1563 Cecil noted that piracy was ‘detestable and can not last’, R.H. Tawney and E. Power (eds.),
Tudor Economic Documents
, 3 vols. (London, 1924), II, p. 106.

26.
  Nichols (ed.),
Diary
, pp. 256, 281. A report of 1563 claimed there were at least 400 known pirates operating in the waters around the British Isles, Oppenheim,
Administration
, p. 177.

27.
  
Tudor Proclamations
, II, pp. 206–9; R.B. Wernham,
Before the Armada: The Growth of English Foreign Policy 1485
–
1588
(London, 1966), pp. 281–2.

28.
  
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 136, 141;
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 276, 299, 300, 322–3; Ramsay,
London
, pp. 134–5. William Hawkins was part–owner of a man–of–war with Stukely, Williamson,
Hawkins
, pp. 96–7.

29.
  J.A. Twemlow (ed.),
Liverpool Town Books
, 2 vols. (Liverpool, 1918–35), I, pp. 224–5;
CSPD 1547
–
80
, pp. 224, 228, 239;
CSPF 1563
, p. 431;
Tudor Proclamations
, II, pp. 228, 232; Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
, pp. 197–200.

30.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 349–51;
Tudor Proclamations
, II, pp. 235–6.

31.
  
CSPF 1563
, p. 132;
Pays
–
Bas
, III, pp. 384–5, 538, 540, 585–6.

32.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 345–6;
CSPF 1563
, pp. 414, 429. Trading vessels from Bristol were seized in Spanish ports as pirate ships during the early 1560s, J. Vanes (ed.),
Documents illustrating the Overseas Trade of Bristol in the Sixteenth Century
(Bristol Record Society, 31, 1979), pp. 154–6.

33.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 349–55;
CSPF 1563
, pp. 611–2, 619;
CSPF 1564
–
65
, pp. 9, 19, 27, 46, 79, 158–9, 174, 199–200.

34.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 376, 536, 572–3;
CSPF 1563
, pp. 598, 631;
CSPF 1564
–
65
, pp. 192, 201, 224; Ramsay,
London
, pp. 138–9.

35.
  
CSPF 1564
–
65
, p. 39. Phetiplace noted thirty English men–of–war off Belle Isle in October 1563, SP 63/10/22.

36.
  
CSPF 1564
–
65
, pp. 80, 158–9, 199–201, 224, 415;
Pays
–
Bas
, III, pp. 668–9.

37.
  
Tudor Proclamations
, II, pp. 245–6;
HMC Salisbury
, I, pp. 286–7;
Pays
–
Bas
, III, pp. 585–6, 645–6.

38.
  
CSPF 1564
–
65
, p. 46;
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 186, 202–3, 212–3;
Pays
–
Bas
, III, p. 665; Ramsay,
London
, pp. 201–3.

39.
  
CSPD 1547
–
80
, pp. 244–6, 251;
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 146–8, 151, 184, 202;
HMC Salisbury
, I, p. 299.

40.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, p. 376.

41.
  
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 153–4, 164, 182, 186, 229–30.

42.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 402–3;
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 175, 179.

43.
  
CSPD 1547
–
80
, p. 251;
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 206–7, 209, 211, 215–6, 235–6.

44.
  
CSPF 1564
–
65
, p. 350;
Tudor Proclamations
, II, p. 252.

45.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67,
pp. 359–60, 397;
CSPF 1563
, p. 619;
Pays
–
Bas
, III, p. 514; D.B. Quinn,
Explorers and Colonies: America, 1500
–
1625
(London, 1990), pp. 260–2;
NAW
, II, p. 285;
ODNB
, ‘Thomas Stukely’.

46.
  
CSPF 1564
–
65
, p. 46;
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 354–5.

47.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 359, 373–9.

48.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 373, 376, 440.

49.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 440–1, 449–50, 454–5, 472–3.

50.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 450, 454–5;
CSPS 1558
–
67
, p. 450.

51.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 454–5, 472–3. It has been argued that there is no evidence that benefit of clergy was allowed during the sixteenth century (M.J. Prichard and D.E.C. Yale (eds.),
Hale and Fleetwood on Admiralty Jurisdiction
(Selden Society, 108, 1992), pp. ccviii–ccx), though Marsden accepted that Cobham appeared to evade punishment by these means, R.G. Marsden, ‘Thomas Cobham and the Capture of the “St. Katherine”’,
EHR
, 23 (1908), pp. 290–1.

52.
  
CSPI 1509
–
73
, pp. 275, 341–2, 408, 466–72.

53.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 539, 552.

54.
  
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 229–30, 240–1, 244–45, 251;
Calendar
, p. 25.

55.
  
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 252–4, 256, 260, 273.

56.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, p. 496;
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 260, 267, 272–3, 298.

57.
  
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 273, 275, 293.

58.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, p. 496. Cobham remained at sea,
Calendar
, pp. 27–8.

59.
  
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 278–90; Tawney and Power (eds.),
Tudor Economic Documents
, II, pp. 117–22.

60.
  
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 278–90; P. Williams,
The
Tudor Regime
(Oxford, 1979), pp. 190, 416–7.

61.
  
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 278–90; N. Williams,
The Sea Dogs: Privateers, Plunder and Piracy in the Elizabethan Age
(London, 1975), pp. 149–50.

62.
  
APC 1558
–
70
, p. 307.

63.
  
CSPD 1547
–
80
, p. 267;
APC 1558
–
70
, p. 325.

64.
  
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 292–5, 312.

65.
  
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 539, 552, 688.

66.
  J. McDermott,
Martin Frobisher: Elizabethan Privateer
(New Haven, 2001), pp. 50–66; R.G. Marsden, ‘The Early Career of Sir Martin Frobisher’,
EHR
, 21 (1906), pp. 538–44.

67.
  
APC 1558
–
70
, p. 317.

68.
  
APC 1558
–
70
, pp. 320–1;
CSPD 1547
–
80
, p. 276.

69.
  
CSPF 1566
–
68
, pp. 388, 450, 578, 583, 588, 592;
APC 1558
–
70
, p. 334, 348; Williamson,
Hawkins
, pp. 99–100; Hammer,
Elizabeth’s Wars
, pp. 80–1. Overseas retaliation included the arrest of Bristol shipping in Spain, evidently in response to the continued activities of Cobham, Vanes (ed.),
Overseas Trade of Bristol
, pp. 131–2.

70.
  K.R. Andrews,
Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480
–
1630
(Cambridge, 1984), pp. 102–15.

71.
  
PN
, VI, pp. 225, 229, 232–4.

72.
  
PN
, VI, pp. 235–52.

73.
  
PN
, VI, pp. 250–1.

74.
  Andrews,
Trade, Plunder and Settlement
, pp. 103–4, 122–3.

75.
  
PN
, VI, pp. 266–84. For an earlier venture which ran into trouble off the coast of Spain see K.R. Andrews, ‘Thomas Fenner and the Guinea Trade, 1564’,
MM
, 38 (1952), pp. 312–4.

76.
  Andrews,
Trade, Plunder and Settlement
, pp. 121–8; K.R. Andrews,
The
Spanish Caribbean:Trade and Plunder 1530
–
1630
(New Haven, 1978), pp. 108–33;
CSPS 1558
–
67
, pp. 470, 502–4;
PN
, VI, pp. 235–6; H. Kelsey,
Sir John Hawkins: Queen Elizabeth’s Slave Trader
(New Haven, 2003), chaps. 3 & 4.