Under the Bloody Flag (10 page)

  
3.
  A.L. Rowse,
Tudor Cornwall: Portrait of a Society
(London, 1941), pp. 108–9; F.E. Halliday (ed.),
Richard Carew of Antony: The Survey of Cornwall
(London, 1953), pp. 210, 226–7.

  
4.
  C.L. Kingsford,
Prejudice and Promise in Fifteenth Century England
(Oxford, 1925, repr. London, 1962), pp. 87–102. For earlier examples see
Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous (Chancery): Volume VII 1422
–
1485
(Woodbridge, 2003), pp. 27–8, 38, 89–91, 93–6, 124–5, 131–4; C.F. Richmond, ‘The Earl of Warwick’s Domination of the Channel and the Naval Dimension to the Wars of the Roses, 1456–1460’,
Southern History
, 20–21 (1998–99), pp. 6–14.

  
5.
  
CPR 1476
–
85
, pp. 146, 355–6, 517–8, 545.

  
6.
  
CPR 1476
–
85
, p. 79.

  
7.
  
CPR 1476
–
85
, pp. 78–9, 356, 370–1.

  
8.
  
CPR 1476
–
85
, pp. 493–4; Kingsford,
Prejudice
, pp. 105–6.

  
9.
  
CPR 1476
–
85
, p. 520.

10.
  Kingsford,
Prejudice
, pp. 105–6; S. Cunningham,
Henry VII
(London, 2006), pp. 261–2.

11.
  
CPR 1485
–
94
, pp. 105, 108;
Tudor Proclamations
, I, pp. 25–6.

12.
  G. Connell–Smith,
Forerunners of Drake: A Study of English Trade with Spain in the early Tudor Period
(London, 1954, repr. Westport, CT, 1975), pp. 38, 58.

13.
  
CPR 1494
–
1509
, pp. 44, 61;
Tudor Proclamations
, I, pp. 44–5. The Magnus Intercursus of 1496 also included provision for dealing with piracy and reprisals in a diplomatic way. C.H. Williams (ed.),
England under the Tudors 1485
–
1529
(London, 1925), pp. 254–5; Loades,
Tudor Navy
, pp. 46–7.

14.
  
CPR 1494
–
1509
, p. 290.

15.
  
LP 1509
–
14
, I, pp. 289, 593, 599, 605; I.F. Grant,
The Social and Economic Development of Scotland before
1603 (Edinburgh, 1930), pp. 342–3.

16.
  
LP 1509
–
14
, I, pp. 593, 605; II, p. 1425.

17.
  
LP 1515
–
18
, I, pp. 221–2; II, pp. 1118, 1124, 1182–4, 1232, 1374–5; J.A. Williamson,
Maritime Enterprise 1458
–
1558
(Oxford, 1913), p. 365.

18.
  
LP 1515
–
18
, II, pp. 1374–5;
LP 1519
–
23
, I, p. 91;
Tudor Proclamations
, I, p. 131.

19.
  
LP 1509
–
14
, I, p. 718 (the petition was dated 1513).

20.
  
LP 1509
–
14
, I, p. 718.

21.
  
NAW
, I, pp. 160–71; D.B. Quinn,
England and the Discovery of America, 1481
–
1620
(London, 1973), pp. 163–8.

22.
  
LP 1515
–
18
, I, p. 72;
LP 1519
–
23
, I, pp. 75, 131; II, p. 1392. As the King’s lieutenant in Ireland, Surrey also responded vigorously to the threat from pirates, Brewer et al. (eds.),
Carew Manuscripts
, I, pp. 11, 20.

23.
  
LP 1524
–
26
, p. 791;
LP 1526
–
28
, pp. 1627, 1852, 1886;
LP 1529
–
30
, pp. 2172, 2257, 2264; M. St Clair Byrne (ed.),
The Lisle Letters
, 6 vols. (London, 1981), I, pp. 183–4, 396–7.

24.
  
LP 1529
–
30
, pp. 2650–1, 3193;
LP 1534
, p. 447.

25.
  
LP 1531
–
32
, pp. 14, 190, 198, 424–5, 707.

26.
  
LP 1531
–
32
, pp. 424–5; Byrne (ed.),
Lisle Letters
, I, pp. 258, 545, 663.

27.
  
LP 1533
, pp. 54, 66–7, 75, 110, 129, 175.

28.
  
LP 1533
, p. 512;
LP 1534
, pp. 85, 135, 535, 587;
LP 1535
, I, pp. 75, 87, 89, 175; Byrne (ed.),
Lisle Letters
, II, pp. 72–4, 101–2, 111, 189. The report of Broode’s execution indicated that it was for treason rather than piracy.

29.
  
LP 1535
, II, pp. 291, 354, 365, 377; HCA 1/33, f. 9.

30.
  
LP 1535
, II, p. 354;
LP 1537
, I, p. 274;
LP 1540
–
41
, pp. 446, 448; H.A. Lloyd,
The Gentry of South
–
West Wales, 1540
–
1640
(Cardiff, 1968), pp. 161–2.

31.
  
LP Addenda
, I, part 1, p. 339; Byrne (ed.),
Lisle Letters
, II, pp. 112–3.

32.
  
LP Addenda
, I, part 1, pp. 339–40.

33.
  G.R. Elton (ed.),
The Tudor Constitution
(2nd edition, Cambridge, 1982), pp. 158–9; P. Williams,
The Tudor Regime
(Oxford, 1979), pp. 244–5.

34.
  
LP 1537
, I, pp. 339, 421, 525; II, pp. 81–2, 90, 167; HCA 1/37, ff. 1, 9, 16v–9v; HCA 1/33, ff. 16–9v; Byrne (ed.),
Lisle Letters
, IV, p. 293.

35.
  
LP 1536
, II, pp. 115, 122, 442–3;
LP 1537
, II, pp. 225–6.

36.
  
LP 1537
, II, pp. 159, 220–1, 224, 305; Byrne (ed.),
Lisle Letters
, IV, pp. 273–6, 367, 415. Pirates were also active off the coast of Kent and the Isle of Wight, D. Childs,
The Warship Mary Rose: The Life and Times of King Henry VIII’s Flagship
(London, 2007), p. 151.

37.
  Byrne (ed.),
Lisle Letters
, V, pp. 38, 55;
LP 1538
, II, p. 158.

38.
  
LP 1538
, p. 61; HCA 1/33, ff. 60–70v and for the rest of this paragraph.

39.
  
Select Pleas
, I, pp. 73–4. Pirates and rovers used stones, fireworks and a variety of small weapons, G.V. Scammell, ‘European Seamanship in the Great Age of Discovery’,
MM
, 68 (1982), p. 368 reprinted in
Ships, Oceans and Empire: Studies in European Maritime and Colonial History, 1400
–
1750
(Aldershot, 1995).

40.
  
LP 1538
, p. 431;
LP 1539
, I, pp. 365, 436; II, p. 43. About the same time, a Breton ship was attacked by pirates off the Scilly Isles, and members of the company were bound and cast overboard, HCA 1/33, ff. 47–8.

41.
  HCA 1/33, ff. 41–5.

42.
  Byrne (ed.),
Lisle Letters
, V, p. 387;
LP 1539
, I, p. 97.

43.
  HCA 1/33, ff. 16–8v.

44.
  
LP 1539
, I, pp. 27, 105, 111, 127.

45.
  
LP 1539
, I, pp. 436, 455, 477; HCA 1/33, ff. 47–8.

46.
  Connell–Smith,
Forerunners
, p. 140; HCA 1/33, ff. 10–11.

47.
  R.G. Marsden (ed.), ‘Voyage of the Barbara to Brazil, A.D. 1540’ in
Naval Miscellany II
(Navy Records Society, 40, 1912), pp. 3–66.

48.
  
LP 1540
, pp. 365, 502;
LP 1540
–
41
, pp. 21, 70–1, 160, 165; R.K. Hannay (ed.),
The Letters of James V
(Edinburgh, 1954), pp. 401–2, 407, 413.

49.
  
LP 1540
–
41
, p. 493; Hannay (ed.),
Letters
, pp. 401, 430–1, 407, 413.

50.
  
LP 1542
, pp. 343, 369–70, 456, 531. (Hereafter referred to as council).

51.
  
LP 1544
, II, p. 337.

52.
  
LP 1543
, I, pp. 186, 189, 231, 239; Connell–Smith,
Forerunners,
pp. 130–2; Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
, pp. 182–4.

53.
  
LP 1543
, I, pp. 199, 231, 282, 287;
APC 1542
–
47
, pp. 108–10, 112, 115. In 1522 Fletcher was described as one of the ‘wisest masters within the town of Rye’, C.S. Knighton and D. Loades (eds.),
Letters from the Mary Rose
(Stroud, 2002).

54.
  
LP 1543
, I, p. 245; II, p. 3; Connell–Smith,
Forerunners
, pp. 134–6;
ODNB
, ‘Sir John Russell’.

55.
  
LP 1545
, I, p. 622.

56.
  
Select Pleas
, I, pp. 139–41.

57.
  
LP 1544
, II, p. 177; J.A. Williamson,
Sir John Hawkins: The Life and the Man
(Oxford, 1927), pp. 9–19.

58.
  
LP 1544
, II, p. 337; Oppenheim,
Administration
, p. 88; Knighton and Loades (eds.),
Letters
, p. 108.

59.
  
LP 1544
, I, pp. 122, 128.

60.
  
LP 1544
, II, pp. 337, 359, 361–2, 370–1, 379.

61.
  
APC 1542
–
47
, p. 123;
LP 1544
, II, p. 456;
Tudor Proclamations
, I, pp. 345–6. On the damage to fishing see W.G. Hoskins,
The Age of Plunder: The England of Henry VIII 1509
–
1547
(London, 1976), pp. 185–7.

62.
  
APC 1542
–
47
, pp. 158, 176–7, 187–8; Williamson,
Maritime Enterprise
, pp. 265–8, 270–5; Williamson,
Hawkins
, pp. 26–30; Connell–Smith,
Forerunners
, pp. 137–8.

63.
  
LP 1545
, I, pp. 454–5, 533–5; Williamson,
Maritime Enterprise
, pp. 272–3; Connell–Smith,
Forerunners
, pp. 141–52.

64.
  
LP 1545
, I, pp. 460, 612;
APC 1542
–
47
, pp. 220–1.

65.
  
LP 1545
, I, pp. 105, 130, 145; G.V. Scammell, ‘War at Sea under the Early Tudors: Some Newcastle upon Tyne Evidence’,
Archaeologia Aeliana
, 38 (1960), pp. 95–6.

66.
  
LP 1545
, I, pp. 234, 245, 331;
Select Pleas
, I, pp. 136–7.

67.
  
Tudor Proclamations
, I, p. 348; Loades,
Tudor Navy
, p. 130.

68.
  
LP 1545
, I, p. 636;
CSPI 1509
–
73
, pp. 72, 74; HCA 1/34, ff. 22–2v, 26v, 30–1v.

69.
  
LP 1545
, I, pp. 631, 653; II, pp. 3, 66, 153; Williamson,
Maritime Enterprise
, pp. 392–3. It has been argued that cheaper iron ordnance aided the spread of piracy after 1544, P. E.J. Hammer,
Elizabeth’s Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544
–
1604
(Basingstoke, 2003), p. 80.

70.
  
APC 1542
–
47
, pp. 206, 208, 210–11.

71.
  
APC 1542
–
47
, pp. 275, 282. The arrest of Irish shipping in Spain also led to demands for reprisals against Spanish and Flemish ships,
CSPI 1509
–
73
, p. 72.

72.
  
LP 1546
, I, pp. 203, 229, 289–90, 371, 378.

73.
  
LP 1546
, I, p. 275.

74.
  
LP 1546
, I, pp. 371, 373;
APC 1542
–
47
, pp. 363–4, 383, 386, 402–3.

75.
  
APC 1542
–
47
, pp. 427–30; HCA 1/34, ff. 19–22; A.K. Longfield,
Anglo
–
Irish Trade in the Sixteenth Century
(London, 1929), pp. 157–8, 179.

76.
  
LP 1546
, I, p. 360;
APC 1542
–
47
, p. 398.

77.
  
LP 1546
, I, pp. 363, 471, 490, 519, 539, 662, 697–8; II, p. 55;
APC 1542
–
47
, pp. 438–9, 441;
NAW
, I, pp. 207–15 for Hore.

78.
  
LP 1546
, I, pp. 454, 667;
APC 1542
–
47
, pp. 431–2, 452, 455–6.

79.
  
Calendar
, pp. 3–4; Connell–Smith,
Forerunners
, pp. 165–8; G.V. Scammell, ‘War at Sea under the Early Tudors– Part II’,
Archaeologia Aeliana
, 39 (1961), pp. 180–1 for a description of a small man–of–war.

80.
  
LP 1546
, I, p. 698.

81.
  
LP 1546
, I, p. 497;
APC 1542
–
47
, p. 446; Connell–Smith,
Forerunners,
pp. 158–63.

82.
  
Select Pleas
, I, pp. 141, 236–7.