Vodka Politics (100 page)

23
. Brown,
Gorbachev Factor
, 141.

24
. Donald Trelford, “A Walk in the Woods with Gromyko,”
Observer
, April 2, 1989, 23. Andrei Gromyko,
Memoirs
, trans. Harold Shukman (New York: Doubleday, 1989), 6; Ligachev,
Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin
, 76.

25
. Gromyko,
Memoirs
, 342; Brown,
Gorbachev Factor
, 87.

26
. David Christian,
Imperial and Soviet Russia: Power, Privilege, and the Challenge of Modernity
(New York: St. Martin’s, 1997), 405–6. See also Moshe Lewin,
The Gorbachev Phenomenon
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).

27
. Stephen F. Cohen, “Introduction: Gorbachev and the Soviet Reformation,” in
Voices of Glasnost: Interviews with Gorbachev’s Reformers
, ed. Stephen F. Cohen and Katrina vanden Heuvel (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 22; Ilya Zemtsov and John Farrar,
Gorbachev: The Man and the System
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1989), xiii.

28
. “O merakh po preodoleniyu p’yanstva i alkogolizma,”
Pravda
, May 17, 1985, 1.

29
. Nicholas Daniloff, “Gorbachev’s 100 Days—New Vigor in the Kremlin,”
U.S. News & World Report
, June 24, 1985, 27. Also see Celestine Bohlen, “Drunkenness Crackdown Gets Off to Early Start,”
Washington Post
, June 1, 1985, A17.

30
. “Utverzhdat’ trezvyi obraz zhizni,”
Pravda
, Sept. 26, 1985, 3; Hendley, “Moscow’s Conduct of the Anti-Alcohol Campaign,” 98; Celestine Bohlen, “Anti-Alcohol Drive,”
Washington Post
, Aug. 2, 1986, A12; Stephen White,
Russia Goes Dry: Alcohol, State and Society
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 76–78.

31
. Anders Åslund,
Gorbachev’s Struggle for Economic Reform, 1985–88
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 75. On the continuity in tactics see Daniel Tarschys, “The Success of a Failure: Gorbachev’s Alcohol Policy, 1985–88,”
Europe-Asia Studies
45, no. 1 (1993): 18–19.

32
. Tarschys, “The Success of a Failure,” 19.

33
. White,
Russia Goes Dry
, 74–75, 88.

34
. “Vospitanie lichnosti,”
Pravda
, Aug. 25, 1985, 3; translation in Hendley, “Moscow’s Conduct of the Anti-Alcohol Campaign,” 92–93.

35
. See, for instance, “O merakh po preodoleniyu p’yanstva i alkogolizma,” 1; “O ser’eznykh nedostatkakh v organizatsii vypolneniya v gorode Permi postanovlenii partii i pravitel’stva o preodolenii p’yanstva i alkogolizma,”
Pravda
, Aug. 6, 1985, 2; Nikolai Ryzhkov, “Ob osnovnykh napreavleniyakh ekonomicheskogo i sotsial’nogo razvitiya SSSR na 1986–1990 gody i na period do 2000 goda,”
Pravda
, March 4, 1986, 2.

36
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs
, 181. On Romanov in Hungary see Roy A. Medvedev, “The Kremlin and the Bottle,”
Russian Life
41, no. 4 (1998): 20; Roxburgh,
Second Russian Revolution
, 29.

37
. Peter Kenez,
A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End
, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 254.

38
. On plan fulfillment see “Novyi krupnyi shag v razvitii ekonomiki: Ob itogakh vypolneniya gosudarstvennogo plana ekonomicheskogo i sotsial’nogo razvitiya SSSR v 1985 gody,”
Pravda
, Jan. 26, 1986, 2. On forecasts to 2000 see Ryzhkov, “Ob osnovnykh napravleniyakh,” 2–5.

39
. White,
Russia Goes Dry
, 38.

40
. Ibid. Tat’yana Prot’ko,
V bor
’
be za trezvost’: Stranitsy istorii
(Minsk: Nauka i tekhnika, 1988), 132.

41
. David Powell, “Soviet Union: Social Trends and Social Problems,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
38, no. 9 (1982): 24; Aleksandr Nemtsov, “Tendentsii potrebleniya alkogolya i obuslovlennye alkogolem poteri zdorov’ya i zhizni v Rossii v 1946–1996 gg.,” in
Alkogol‘ i zdorov’e naseleniya Rossii: 1900–2000
, ed. Andrei K. Demin (Moscow: Rossiiskaya assotsiatsiya obshchestvennogo zdorov’ya, 1998), 98–99.

42
. Marshall I. Goldman, “Gorbachev’s Risk in Reforming the Soviet Economy,”
Technology Review
(1986): 19. See also Basile Kerblay,
Gorbachev’s Russia
(New York: Pantheon, 1989), 13; David Joel Fishbein, “Do Dna: Alcoholism & the Soviet Union,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
266, no.9 (Sept.4, 1991): 1211; Igor’ Urakov,
Alkogol’: Lichnost’i zdorov’e
(Moscow: Meditsina, 1986), 18–21; Padma Desai,
Perestroika in Perspective: The Design and Dilemmas of Soviet Reform
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989), 28.

43
. Mikhail Gorbachev, “O zadachakh partii po korennoi perestroike upravleniya ekonomikoi: Doklad na Plenume TsK KPSS 25 iyunya 1987 goda,” in
Izbrannye rechi i stat’i
, tom 5 (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1988), 158; Tarschys, “Success of a Failure,” 10.

44
. Roxburgh,
Second Russian Revolution
, 33. On his expulsion from Russia and subsequent return months later see Angus Roxburgh, “From the Archive: Exiled by the KGB Just as Russia Dares to Be Free (June 4, 1989),”
Sunday Times
, Aug. 30, 2009,
http://www.time-sonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6815093.ece
(accessed Sept. 10, 2011.) In perhaps the crowning irony, Roxburgh would return to Russia as a Kremlin public relations advisor under Vladimir Putin. Angus Roxburgh,
Strongman: Vladimir Putin and the Struggle for Russia
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), xi–xii.

45
. See, for instance, Archie Brown, “Gorbachev: New Man in the Kremlin,”
Problems of Communism
34, no. 3 (1985): 1–23; Marshall I. Goldman, “What to Expect from Gorbachev,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
41, no. 4 (1985): 8–9; Serge Schmemann, “The Emergence of Gorbachev,”
New York Times Magazine
, March 3, 1985, 40–46.

46
. See Raisa Gorbacheva,
Ya nadeyus
’ (Moscow: Kniga, 1991), 38; Nikishin,
Vodka i Gorbachev
, 402. On Stavropol influence see Viktor Erofeev,
Russkii apokalipsis: Opyt khudozhestvennoi eskhatologii
(Moscow: Zebra E, 2008), 14. For other speculation centered on Gorbachev see Nikishin,
Vodka i Gorbachev
, 199.

47
. “Tak dal’she zhit’ nel’zya”; quoted in Gorbacheva,
Ya nadeyus’
, 13.

48
. Erofeev,
Russkii apokalipsis
, 12–13; for an English version see Victor Erofeyev, “The Russian God,”
New Yorker
, Dec. 16, 2002. See also Aleksandr Nemtsov,
Alkogol’naya istoriya Rossii: Noveishii period
(Moscow: URSS, 2009), 73; Gorbachev,
Memoirs
, 220; Lev Ovrutsky, “Impasses of Sobering Up,” in
Gorbachev & Glasnost’: Viewpoints from the Soviet Press
, ed. Isaac J. Tarasulo (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1989), 195; originally published in
Sovetskaya kultura
, July 16, 1988.

49
. Nikolai Ryzhkov,
Perestroika: Istoriya predatel’stv
(Moscow: Novosti, 1992), 361.

50
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs
, 220.

51
. Mikhail S. Solomentsev, “O praktike raboty i zadachakh organov partiinogo kontrolya: Doklad na soveshchanii predsedatelei Partiinykh Komissii pri TsK kompartii soyuznykh respublik, kraikomakh i obkomakh KPSS 19 noyabrya 1984 goda,” in
Vremya reshenii i deistvii: Izbrannye rechi i stat’i
(Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1985), 533–34. On earlier policy suggestions see Mikhail S. Solomentsev, “Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoe razvitie Rossiiskoi Federatsii na sovremennom etape: Iz stat’i opublikovannoi v zhurnale ‘Istoriya SSSR’ No. 6, 1981 God,” in
Vremya reshenii i deistvii: Izbrannye rechi i stat’i
(Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1985), 370–71. On “cognac” funds see also Konstantin Simis,
USSR: The Corrupt Society; The Secret World of Soviet Capitalism
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982), 130.

52
. Gromyko,
Memoirs
, 343.

53
. “V politbyuro TsK KPSS,”
Pravda
, April 5, 1985, 1.

54
. Anatoly S. Chernyaev,
Shest’ let s Gorbachevym
(Moscow: Kul’tura, 1993), 39. On Solomentsev and the work of the commission see Anatoly S. Chernyaev,
My Six Years with Gorbachev
, trans. Robert D. English and Elizabeth Tucker (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 17; Roxburgh,
Second Russian Revolution
, 28; White,
Russia Goes Dry
, 68, 210 n. 66; Ligachev,
Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin
, 336.

55
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs
, 220. See also Trelford, “Walk in the Woods with Gromyko,” 23.

56
. Chernyaev,
Shest’ let s Gorbachevym
, 39.

57
. Ligachev,
Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin
, 336. On shutting down liquor stores in Tomsk see Roxburgh,
Second Russian Revolution
, 28; White,
Russia Goes Dry
, 67–68.

58
. Yegor Ligachev, “Aprel’skii Plenum TsK KPSS—Glavnoe soderzhanie vsei nashei raboty: Doklad na partiinom sobranii otdela organizatsionno-partiinoi raboty TsK KPSS 5 maya 1985 goda,” in
Izbrannye rechi i stat’i
(Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1989), 86.

59
. Ligachev,
Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin
, 335–36; Gorbachev,
Memoirs
, 221; Chernyaev,
Shest’ let s Gorbachevym
, 39.

60
. Ryzhkov,
Perestroika
, 94–95. Also see Leon Aron, “Everything You Think You Know about the Collapse of the Soviet Union Is Wrong,”
Foreign Policy
, July/August 2011, 66–67.

61
. Roxburgh,
Second Russian Revolution
, 28.

62
. Ryzhkov,
Perestroika
, 95; Chernyaev,
Shest’ lets Gorbachevym
, 39. In terms of Ryzhkov’s supporters we may add Vladimir Dolgikh, Vitaly Vorotnikov, Haydar Aliyev, Ivan Kapitonov, Viktor Nikonov, Vasily Garbuzov, and presumably Grigory Romanov. Nemtsov,
Alkogol’naya istoriya Rossii
, 73.

63
. Chernyaev,
Shest’ let s Gorbachevym
, 39.

64
. White,
Russia Goes Dry
, 68; Medvedev, “Kremlin and the Bottle,” 20. Garbuzov reportedly died shortly after his dismissal in 1985. Brown,
Gorbachev Factor
, 141.

65
. Shevardnadze,
Future Belongs to Freedom
, 3.

66
. Steve LeVine,
The Oil and the Glory: The Pursuit of Empire and Fortune on the Caspian Sea
(New York: Random House, 2007), 177–78; Arkady Vaksberg,
The Soviet Mafia
(New York: St. Martin’s, 1991), 178, 82; Nikishin,
Vodka i Gorbachev
, 75.

67
. Roxburgh,
Second Russian Revolution
, 28–29. Also see White,
Russia Goes Dry
, 68. Nikishin,
Vodka i Gorbachev
, 214.

68
. LeVine,
Oil and the Glory
, 178. On Gorbachev’s position see Gorbachev,
Memoirs
, 144.

Chapter 18

1
. Ben Lewis,
Hammer and Tickle
(New York: Pegasus Books, 2009), 260.

2
. See “Hammer and Tickle” (video),
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEgRit8dxDY
(accessed Aug. 8, 2011).

3
. Garry Wills,
Reagan’s America: Innocents at Home
(New York: Penguin, 2000), xv.

4
. See the Reagan documentary
In the Face of Evil: Reagan’s War in Word and Deed
,
http://www.inthefaceofevil.com/inthefaceofevil/story.html
(accessed Aug. 8, 2011). On moral resolve and defense spending see Jeffrey W. Knopf, “Did Reagan Win the Cold War?”
Strategic Insights
3, no. 8 (2004),
http://www.nps.edu/Academics/centers/ccc/publications/OnlineJournal/2004/aug/knopfAUG04.html
(accessed Aug. 17, 2011).

5
. This has become a standard example of “how not to do” historical research. Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier,
From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2001), 79.

6
. Stephen White,
Russia Goes Dry: Alcohol, State and Society
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 43. On “counter-modernization” see Victor Zaslavsky, “The Soviet Union,” in
After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building
, ed. Karen Barkey and Mark von Hagen (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997), 73.