Vodka Politics (104 page)

37
. See Joel S. Hellman, “Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist Transitions,”
World Politics
50, no. 2 (1998). Also see Nemtsov,
Alkogol’naya istoriya Rossii
, 101–3.

38
. Shleifer and Treisman,
Without a Map
, 117.

39
. Nemtsov,
Alkogol’naya istoriya Rossii
, 131. Also see Sergei Gornov, “Alcohol Producers Set Their Sights on the Regions,”
Business in Russia/Deolvye lyudi
67 (1996): 66; Dar’ya
A. Khalturina and Andrei V. Korotaev, “Vvedeniye: Alkogol’naya katastrofa: Kak ostanovit’ vymiranie Rossii,” in
Alkogol’naya katastrofa i vozmozhnosti gosudarstvennoi politiki v preodolenii alkogol’noi sverkosmertnosti v Rossii
, ed. Dar’ya A. Khalturina and Andrei V. Korotaev (Moscow: Lenand, 2010), 29; Tomila V. Lankina,
Governing the Locals: Local Self-Government and Ethnic Mobilization in Russia
(Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), 154. For the situation in Yaroslavl see Beth Mitchneck, “The Changing Role of the Local Budget in Russian Cities: The Case of Yaroslavl,” in
Local Power and Post-Soviet Politics
, ed. Theodore H. Friedgut and Jeffrey W. Hahn (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1994), 82–84.

40
. Scott Gehlbach,
Representation through Taxation: Revenue, Politics, and Development in Postcommunist States
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 9.

41
. Ibid., 3, 7–16, 131.

42
. Seguey Braguinsky and Grigory Yavlinsky,
Incentives and Institutions: The Transition to a Market Economy in Russia
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000), 234.

43
. Anders Åslund,
How Capitalism Was Built: The Transformaton of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 136.

44
. Humphrey, “How Is Barter Done?” 270; Alena Ledeneva,
How Russia Really Works: The Informal Practices That Shaped Post-Soviet Politics and Business
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006), 177–81.

45
. See Khristina Narizhnaya, “As Business Becomes More Civil, So Do Its State Relations,”
Moscow Times
, Jan. 12, 2012,
http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/as-business-becomes-more-civil-so-do-its-state-relations/450927.html
(accessed Jan. 12, 2012).

46
. Humphrey, “How Is Barter Done?” 273.

47
. Padma Desai and Todd Idson,
Work without Wages: Russia’s Nonpayment Crisis
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000), 185. Similarly, see Andrei Sinyavsky,
The Russian Intelligentsia
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 40–41.

48
. Humphrey, “How Is Barter Done?” 279.

49
. David G. Anderson, “Surrogate Currencies and the ‘Wild Market’ in Central Siberia,” in
The Vanishing Rouble: Barter Networks and Non-Monetary Transactions in Post-Soviet Societies
, ed. Paul Seabright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 339.

50
. Leonid Nevzlin, quoted in David Hoffman,
The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia
, revised and updated (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011), 118.

51
. Clifford G. Gaddy and Barry W. Ickes, “Russia’s Virtual Economy,”
Foreign Affairs
77, no. 5 (1998); Thane Gustafson,
Capitalism Russia-Style
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 203; Ledeneva,
How Russia Really Works
; Sergei Guriev and Barry W. Ickes, “Barter in Russia,” in
The Vanishing Rouble: Barter Networks and Non-Monetary Transactions in Post-Soviet Societies
, ed. Paul Seabright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000). On strengthening the regions see David Woodruff,
Money Unmade: Barter and the Fate of Russian Capitalism
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999), 5.

52
. Clifford G. Gaddy and Barry W. Ickes,
Russia’s Virtual Economy
(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2002), 248.

53
. Such as the Kristall distillery in Moscow. See
chapter 22
. According to
Goskomstat
, excise tax arrears from the alcohol sector comprised only 1.2 percent of all budgetary arrears, further suggesting that vodka producers were fairly reliable taxpayers. Goskomstat Rossii,
Rossiiskii statisticheskii ezhegodnik: Statisticheskii sbornik
(Moscow: Goskomstat, 1998), 654.

54
. See, for instance, Anders Åslund, “Ten Myths about the Russian Economy,” in
Russia after the Fall
, ed. Andrew C. Kuchins (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute for International Peace, 2002), and
Russia’s Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reform Succeeded and Democracy Failed
(Washington, D.C.: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007).

55
. Åslund,
How Capitalism Was Built
, 186–87, 90–91.

56
. Ibid., 188. On the demographic deterioration in Russia, the Baltics, and Western CIS, see Khalturina and Korotaev, “Alkogol’naya katastrofa,” 7.

57
. Åslund,
How Capitalism Was Built
, 188. See also Åslund, “Ten Myths about the Russian Economy,” 119. For Ingushetia and Dagestan see Khalturina and Korotaev, “Alkogol’naya katastrofa,” 8. For more in-depth demographic comparisons see Dar’ya A. Khalturina and Andrei V. Korotaev,
Russkii krest: Faktory, mekhanizmy i puti preodoleniia demograficheskogo krizisa v Rossii
(Moscow: KomKniga, 2006). This also bridges the divide between economic
factors (privatization) and increased mortality; see John S. Earle and Scott Gehlbach, “Did Post-Communist Privatization Increase Mortality?”
Comparative Economic Studies
53 (2011).

58
. Åslund,
How Capitalism Was Built
, 188; repeated again on 205.

59
. Here I admittedly overlook the interwar independence of the Baltic republics. On alcohol consumption patterns see country reports in World Health Organization (WHO),
Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health
(Geneva: WHO, 2011),
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/en
(accessed March 11, 2011). Likewise, see the “mortality belt” in Elizabeth Brainerd and David M. Cutler, “Autopsy on an Empire: Understanding Mortality in Russia and the Former Soviet Union,”
Journal of Economic Perspectives
19, no. 1 (2005): 107.

60
. Wendy Carlin et al., “Barter and Non-Monetary Transactions in Transition Economies: Evidence from a Cross-Country Survey,” in
The Vanishing Rouble: Barter Networks and Non-Monetary Transactions in Post-Soviet Societies
, ed. Paul Seabright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 240–41. Note the similarities in Ukraine: Viktor Zubanyuk, “Ukraine Takes the Strain,”
Business in Russia/Deolvye lyudi
69 (1996): 98–99.

61
. Åslund,
How Capitalism Was Built
, 205. Khalturin and Korotaev dismiss simple pessimism as the primary factor in the demographic crisis: Khalturina and Korotaev, “Alkogol’naya katastrofa,” 13.

62
. Hilary Pilkington,
Migration, Displacement and Identity in Post-Soviet Russia
(New York: Routledge, 1998), 170.

63
. Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel,
Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 300; see also 16–47.

64
. Vladimir Shlapentokh, “Trust in Public Institutions in Russia: The Lowest in the World,”
Communist and Post-Communist Studies
39, no. 2 (2006): 154–55; Nicholas Eberstadt,
Russia’s Peacetime Demographic Crisis: Dimensions, Causes, Implications
(Seattle, Wash.: National Bureau of Asian Research, 2010), 270; Ronald Inglehart and Wayne E. Baker, “Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values,”
American Sociological Review
65, no. 1 (2000): 40–41, 46–48. For World Values Survey data see
http://www.wvsevsdb.com/wvs/WVSAnalizeStudy.jsp
(accessed Nov. 27, 2011); Daniel Treisman,
The Return: Russia’s Journey from Gorbachev to Medvedev
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 374, 86.

65
. Inglehart and Welzel,
Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy
, 263. For more confirmation see European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD),
Life in Transition: After the Crisis
(London: EBRD Publications, 2011), 98. See also Richard Rose, William Mishler, and Neil Munro,
Russia Transformed: Developing Popular Support for a New Regime
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 128.

Chapter 21

1
. Michael Specter, “The Devastation,”
New Yorker
, Oct. 11, 2004, 67–68. See also Cullen Murphy, “Watching the Russians,”
Atlantic Monthly
, February 1983); Murray Feshbach, “The Soviet Union: Population Trends and Dilemmas,”
Population Bulletin
37, no. 3 (1982). See also
chapters 16
and
18
.

2
. “Fact of Life in Russia,”
60 Minutes
, CBS News, May 19, 1996; Mark G. Field, “The Health and Demographic Crisis in Post-Soviet Russia: A Two-Phase Development,” in
Russia’s Torn Safety Nets: Health and Social Welfare during the Transition
, ed. Mark G. Field and Judyth L. Twigg (New York: St. Martin’s, 2000), 11.

3
. I largely agree with blogger Anatoly Karlin’s reservation—not that Russia’s demographic situation in the 1990s was particularly rosy, but that such apocalyptic pronouncements of Russia’s demographic demise have continued through the present, overshadowing marked improvements over that time. See Anatoly Karlin, Da Russophile (blog),
http://darussophile.com/category/demography
(accessed May 5, 2012).

4
. Dar’ya A. Khalturina and Andrei V. Korotaev,
Russkii krest: Faktory, mekhanizmy i puti preo-doleniia demograficheskogo krizisa v Rossii
(Moscow: KomKniga, 2006), 5. On origins of the term
Russkii krest
see Anatolii G. Vishnevskii, “Russkii krest,”
Novye izvestiya
, Feb. 26, 1998. A more optimistic assessment can be found in Anatoly Karlin, “Russia Demographic Update VOO,” Da Russophile (blog), Oct. 24, 2011,
http://darussophile.com/2011/10/24/russia-demographic-update-7
(accessed May 5, 2012).

5
. Dar’ya A. Khalturina and Andrei V. Korotaev, “Vvedeniye: Alkogol’naya katastrofa: Kak ostanovit’ vymiranie Rossii,” in
Alkogol’naya katastrofa i vozmozhnosti gosudarstvennoi politiki v preodolenii alkogol’noi sverkosmertnosti v Rossii
, ed. Dar’ya A. Khalturina and Andrei V. Korotaev (Moscow: Lenand, 2010), 23; Nicholas Eberstadt, “The Dying Bear,”
Foreign Affairs
90, no. 6 (2011): 96. A comparison of percentage of population lost can be found in Daniel Treisman,
The Return: Russia’s Journey from Gorbachev to Medvedev
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 368–69.

6
. Khalturina and Korotaev, “Alkogol’naya katastrofa,” 25; Eberstadt, “Dying Bear,” 96.

7
. “Fact of Life in Russia,”
60 Minutes
, CBS News, May 19, 1996. Similarly see Laurie Garrett,
Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health
(New York: Hyperion, 2000), 127.

8
. Nicholas Eberstadt,
Russia’s Peacetime Demographic Crisis: Dimensions, Causes, Implications
(Seattle, Wash.: National Bureau of Asian Research, 2010), 135–38.

9
. Nicholas Eberstadt, “Drunken Nation: Russia’s Depopulation Bomb,”
World Affairs
171, no. 4 (2009): 59; David E. Powell, “The Problem of AIDS,” in
Russia’s Torn Safety Nets: Health and Social Welfare during the Transition
, ed. Mark G. Field and Judyth L. Twigg (New York: St. Martin’s, 2000), 124–25; Alexander Winning, “Fight against TB Plagued by Shortfalls,”
Moscow Times
, June 9, 2012,
http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/fight-against-tb-plagued-by-shortfalls/460119.html
(accessed June 9, 2012).

10
. See Andrei Demin, ed.,
Alkogol‘ i zdorov’e naseleniya Rossii: 1900–2000
(Moscow: Rossiiskaya assotsiatsiya obshchestvennogo zdorov’ya, 1998); Andrei Vroublevsky and Judith Harwin, “Russia,” in
Alcohol and Emerging Markets: Patterns, Problems and Responses
, ed. Marcus Grant (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Edwards Brothers, 1998), 213. On “Disease #3” see Vladimir Solovyov, “The Paradox of Russian Vodka,”
Michigan Quarterly Review
21, no. 3 (1982): 407; David Powell, “Soviet Union: Social Trends and Social Problems,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
38, no. 9 (1982): 24. On Russia’s alcohol-related mortality being the highest in the world see Andrew Stickley et al., “Alcohol Poisoning in Russia and the Countries in the European Part of the Former Soviet Union, 1970–2002,”
European Journal of Public Health
17, no. 5 (2007): 447.

11
. “Fact of Life in Russia,”
60 Minutes
, CBS News, May 19, 1996; Daria A. Khaltourina and Andrey V. Korotayev, “Potential for Alcohol Policy to Decrease the Mortality Crisis in Russia,”
Evaluation & the Health Professions
31, no. 3 (2008): 273.