Voices of Islam (276 page)

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NDEX
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Abd al-Hakim.
See
Jackson, Sherman A.

Abd-Allah, Umar Faruq, 45–46 ‘Abd al-Qadir Jilani, 192

Abdul Ghafor, Pir Maulana, 180–81 ‘Abdul Ghani Munsiff, 185

Abode of the Message, 178, 179 Abu A‘la Mawdudi, 15

Abu Bakr (caliph), 9, 150, 176 Abu Bakr al-Kasani, 13

Abu Bakr ibn al-‘Arabi, 7–8 Abu Ghaith, Sulaiman, 200 Abu Hanifa, 12

Abu Hashim Madani, Sayyid Mohammed, 174, 178

Abu Hurayra, 4

Abu Muslim, 152

Abu Talib, 4

Abu Umama, 5, 7

Abu Zayd, 101

Active Intelligence, 30–31 Activists.
See
Muslim Activists Adam and
Hawa
(Eve), 154 Adultery (
zina
), 151–52

African American Muslims: autonomy, desire for, 57–61; black American– immigrant relations, 46–51, 53–55,

58, 212; common history with South Asian immigrants, 61–63; Islamic heritage, 72–73, 74; Islamic ownership and identity, challenges of, 69–70, 73–74, 75, 78, 80–82;

late twentieth century perspective, 80–81; Malcolm X, 44, 46–47;

Nation of Islam, 44–46, 54, 62, 74,

79–80; post–Civil War era, 74–77;

surnames, 80; terminology for, 69–

70, 75

African Muslim slaves, 70, 71–73, 74 Ahmad ibn Hanbal, 152

Ahmadiyya Movement, 49, 65 n.17,

77, 78

AIPAC.
See
American Israel Public Affairs Committee

Al-Alawi, Sidi Abusalam, 181 Al Baji, 10

‘Ali (imam), 176; Ramadan group prayer, 6–7

‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, 18 n.19, 150 Ali, Noble Drew, 74, 75–77

‘Ali Shari‘ati, 15

All Churches, 177

Amanpour, Christiane, 211 American Israel Public Affairs

Committee (AIPAC), 213–14 American Muslims: black American–

immigrant relations, 46–49, 53–55,

58, 212; demographics, 46, 64 n.15,

210;
ijtihad,
approach to, 16;

Malcolm X, 44, 46–47; media

depiction of, 210–11, 216; racial

considerations, 44–46, 49–51; Sunni

Muslims, 47;
Umma,
43.
See also
African American Muslims; American Sufism; Immigrants; United States

American Society of Muslims (ASM).

See
Warith Deen Mohammed American Sufism: Bawa Muhaiyaddeen,

Muhammad Raheem, 170, 187–89;

224
Index

Inayat Khan, Hazrat, 173–79; Lewis, Murshid Samuel Ahmad Murad Chishti, 170, 174, 179–82;

Meher Baba, 170, 182–87.
See also

Sufism

Angel Gabriel, 32

Angelus Novus
(Klee), 123 Anjumani Listserve, 179

Anti-Americanism.
See
Westernophobia Anti-Semitism.
See
Islamophobia Apartheid, 120–21

Apocalyptic theories of progress, 118– 20

The Aquarian Conspiracy,
170 Arab immigrants, 48

Arab-Islamic Philosophy
(al-Jabri), 27– 28

Aristotle: Active Intellect, 29–30; philosophical approach, 25; virtue ethics, 25, 30, 34

Armstrong, Karen, 172

Ashcroft, John, 214

Asian Americans, 48.
See also
South Asian immigrants

Atheistic heresy (
zandaqa
), 1–2, 3–4
The Autobiography of Malcolm X,
44 Autonomy, African American Muslims,

57–61

Averroe¨s.
See
Ibn Rushd, Abu al-Walid Avicenna.
See
Ibn Sina, Abu ‘Ali

Avitar Meher Baba.
See
Meher Baba

‘Awra
(pudenda), 91, 94

Axial Age, 172

‘‘Baba lovers,’’ 170, 187, 192
Bada‘i al-Sana‘i
(al-Kasani), 13 Badawi, Jamal, 98

Badi‘
(Originator), 2

Bagha
(desire), 140, 164 n.13

Baji, 12

Baker, Ora Ray (Amina Begum), 178 Barakat Ali, 181

Barks, Coleman, 170, 188, 189, 190,

192

Bashir, Wali (pseudonym), 50, 51 Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship, 170,

191, 193

Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, Muhammad Raheem, 170, 187–89, 190, 192

Baydawi, 144

BD’
(start or begin something), 2 Beauty, Qur’an on, 166–67 n.41 Begum, Amina (Ora Ray Baker), 178 Benjamin, Walter, 119, 123

Bid‘a
(innovation/heresy): contemporary context, 15–17; distinguished from
ijtihad,
10–15; Hadith references to, 5–8; meaning and connotations of, 1–4, 8, 10; Qur’an references to, 4–5;
Sunna
link to, 8–10

Bilal Hyde (imam), 179

Bin Laden, Usama, 15, 200

Birge, John, 173

Black American Muslims.
See
African American Muslims

Black Crescent
(Gomez), 75–76

Black Metropolis
(Drake and Cayton), 77

Bly, Robert, 190

Body, covering of, 90–91, 92–93, 98

Brunton, Paul, 180

Buddhism, Lewis, Samuel, on, 180 Al-Bukhari, 152

Burqa. See
Veils

Bush, George W., 2000 election, 212,

214

Capital punishment for homosexuality, 149–52, 154, 158, 165 n.32

Carlbach, Schlomo, 192–93

Carson, Rachel, 180
Chador. See
Veils
Chakras,
191

Chicago: African American population, 49–51, 53–55; business districts, 59; IMAN (Inner City Muslim Action Network), 55–56; South Asian population, 51–55

Chishti, Samuel Ahmad Murad.
See
Lewis, Murshid Samuel Ahmad Murad Chishti

Christians: Evangelical Christians, 213–16; monasticism, 4–5;

Index
225

philosophical discourse, 26–27; progressive Muslims, association with, 122

Christian Zionism, 213–16 Church of All, 177

Civil Rights Act, 75

Civil Rights Movement, 80, 170

Clara Muhammad, 62, 67 n.57

‘‘Clash of civilizations,’’ 202, 204–5,

207–8

Clash of Civilizations
(Huntington), 208

Collected Works
(Inayat Khan), 173 Compulsion in marriage (
jabr
), 92 Connectionism, 33

Contracts: marriage, 88–90;
mu‘amalat
(social/contractual acts), 86–87, 91, 92–93, 94, 158

Corbin, Henry, 34, 178

Council of Islamic Organizations of Greater Chicago, 54

Counter culture, influence on Interspiritual Age, 170

Creation, Nation of Islam, 74, 79 Creativity.
See Bid‘a

Crescent University project, 213

The Crisis of Islam
(Lewis), 201 ‘‘Crusader-Zionist’’ conspiracy, 200,

218 n.7

Al-Dabbusi, 12

Dalai Lama, 179

Dances of Universal Peace, 181, 182,

192

Dancing, Dervish Dances, 181

Da‘wa
(invitation): Black American– immigrant relations, 53–55; Qur’an on, 54, 66 n.38

De Anima
(Aristotle), 29–30

The Decisive Treatise Determining the Connection Between the Law and Wisdom
(Ibn Rushd), 35

Demonstrative reasoning, 36

DePaul University, 55–56

Dervish Dances, 181

Desi immigrants, 48

Dhikr,
178, 187, 191, 192

Dialectical reasoning, 36

Dibliz
(in-between space), 128 Disposition (
shakila
), 138, 155, 156,

161, 162

Diversity, 131; Qur’an on, 135, 163 n.6

Divine names, 2, 17 n.2 Divorce: Modernist (Neo-

Traditionalist) discourse on, 97, 99–

100; traditional
fiqh
views of, 90 Douglas-Kloz, Saadi Neil, 182

Dress: African Muslim slaves, 71; veils, 90–91, 92–93, 98, 105 n.17, 105–6 n.22

Duce, Ivy, 185

Eastern traditions.
See
Orientalism Ecology, in New Age Movement, 170–

71, 191

Education, Islamic studies, 17, 212–13

Egypt, 158

Elijah Muhammad, 62–63, 74, 75

Eliot, T.S., 119, 124

The End of History and the Last Man

(Fukuyama), 118–19 Environmentalism.
See
Ecology Ephraim Bahar Cultural Center, 53 Esack, Farid, 122

Esoteric School (Sufism), 177

The Essential Rumi
(Barks), 190 Ethics: marital issues, 97; philosophy

and, 25, 30; sexuality and, 157–60 Ethnicity.
See
Race/ethnic

considerations

Ethnic mosques, 47, 65 n.18

Evangelical Christians, 213–16 Evolution of the soul, 184

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi.
See
Al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din

Fakhruddin, Pir, 178

Falwell, Jerry, 215

Family law, 96, 104

Al-Farabi, Abu Nasr, 26, 30, 31–32, 34

Farad Muhammad, 62 Farming, in Sufism, 178

Fatwa
(s), Internet, 154, 160, 166 n.39

226
Index

‘‘Fault lines’’ between civilizations, 207–8

Feminism, 100–103, 107 n.50; influence on Interspiritual Age, 170.
See also
Gender roles

Ferguson, Marilyn, 170

Fiqh
(Islamic jurisprudence): Muslim progressives and, 121; as source of law, 86; traditional interpretations, 87–91, 93–95

First Axial Age, 172

First Pittsburgh Mosque, 78

Fitna
(chaos), 94

Fitra
(inner conscience), 139, 155,

156, 161, 162

Food: African Muslim slaves, 71; vegetarianism, 189

Freud, Sigmund, 165–66 n.34 Fukuyama, Francis, 118–19 Fundamentalists.
See
Muslim Activists

Gabriel, Angel of Revelation.
See
Angel Gabriel

Gardening/farming, in Sufism, 178 Gaze/looking at women, 91

Gender Equity in Islam: Basic Principles

(Badawi), 98

Gender roles: gender balance (Neo- Traditionalist) discourse, 95–100, 102; gender equality (Reformist) discourse, 100–103; legal rulings, 87; patriarchal juristic interpreta- tions, 86, 91–95, 96–100, 105 n.18,

134; Qur’an on, 105 n.20, 134–35;

traditional
fiqh
interpretations, 87– 91, 93–95

Genetic inheritance patterns (
tabi‘a
), 138

Al-Ghazali: condemnation of Peripat- eticism, 23, 28, 35–37, 38; on mar- riage, 88; value of in-between space (
dibliz
), 128

Ghazi, Abidullah, 51–52, 58, 59, 63

Ghazi, Tasneema, 52

Gnosis, 173

Gnosticism, 27–28

God Speaks
(Meher Baba), 183–85

Graham, Franklin, 215–16

Greek philosophy: influence on Islamic philosophy, 24, 25–27, 31, 34, 37–

38, 208; intelligible
vs.
sensible objects, 31; relationship of theory and practice, 29.
See also
Aristotle

Green, Michael, 188, 189, 190, 192

Griffiths, Bede, 171–72

Guardianship, 92

Hadith:
bid‘a,
references to, 5–8;
isnad
and
matn
criticism, 150; punishments for homosexuality, 149–52, 154, 165 n.32; women as

transmitters of, 93

Hadot, Pierre, 24–25, 27

Hafiz-i Shurazj, 183, 185

Hajj
(pilgrimage to Mecca), of Malcolm X, 44

Hanafi school of law, 132; on homosexuality, 153, 154

Haqiqa
(truth), 173, 176

Head coverings, veils, 90–91, 92–93,

98, 105 n.17, 105–6 n.22

Healing Order (Sufism), 177, 191 Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 119 Heresy:
bid‘a,
1–4, 8, 10; al-Ghazali’s

accusation of Peripatetics, 35–37, 38;
zandaqa,
1–2, 3–4

Hermetico-Pythagoreans, 29

Hijab. See
Veils

Hinduism: New Age Movement and, 171, 172, 190, 192; syncretism with

Islam, 98, 172

Hispanic immigrants, 48, 210 Homosexuality: as adultery (
zina
),

151–52; ethical considerations, 157–

60; innate personality and, 136–39,

155, 156, 160–62; Lot, narrative of, 141–43; marriage or civic unions, 153–55, 160; origin and use of term, 147, 164 n.21; punishment for,

149–52, 154, 158, 165 n.32; Qur’an