Warped Passages (79 page)

Kaplan, David B. 274, 347

Karch, Andreas 7, 434, 437, 439, 441

Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP), Santa Barbara 50–51, 390, 434, 435–6

Kendall, Henry 174

Ketterle, Wolfgang 147

Klein, Oskar 34–5, 38

Kogan, Ian 443

Kounnas, Costas, 348n

KR
see
locally localized gravity

Kribs, Graham 347

Kutasov, David 435

Lake Geneva 188

Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP)
see under
CERN

Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
see under
CERN

lasers 147

Lawrence, Albion 73, 74

Lee, T.D. 164

Leigh, Rob 306

Lenin, Vladimir I.:
Materialism and Empirio-Criticism
152

LEP (Large Electron-Positron collider) 184, 186–8

Lepton-Photon Conference (2001) 402

leptons 175, 177–8, 190, 213–14, 216, 218–20, 241, 348

and GUT 234, 236

handedness
165
,
168

intrinsic spin 281

and supersymmetry 263

trapped on a brane 365

see also
electrons; muons; neutrinos; taus

LHC (Large Hadron Collider) 8, 145,
185
, 186, 189, 211, 219, 254, 255, 269, 378, 380, 381, 383, 384, 407, 411, 412, 457, 458

light

bending of 101–2,
103

and branes 57–8

composed of photons 136, 147

energy carried by light as discontinuous 9

monochromatic 134

Planck’s quantization rule 121, 123

polarization of 197

speed of
see
speed of light

white 173, 196, 200

light quanta 9–10, 118, 123–5, 148

light waves 100

Likhtman, E.P. 259n, 261

Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich 104–5

local interactions 315, 326

localized gravity
see
RS2

locally localized gravity (KR) 437–44

London, Fritz 196

longitude, lines of 105, 108

longitudinal polarization 198, 199

Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) 85, 162, 163, 163n

Lorentz contraction of a moving object 91

Loyd, Sam 56,
57

Luty, Markus 346–7

Lykken, Joe 336, 381–2, 402, 410, 411

M-theory 304–5, 316–17, 452

magnetic fields 146, 152, 153, 155

magnetism 6, 9, 152, 153, 154

Maldacena, Juan 449

Mandula, Jeffrey 257

Mars 85

Marsden, Ernest 126–7

Martinec, Emil 291, 330

mass 43, 43n, 45, 78, 101, 108, 114, 144, 160, 169–71, 191, 208, 210, 220, 264, 353–4, 356, 402

rescaled in the fifth dimension 399–400

small mass means larger size (quantum mechanics) 401

zero 43n, 191

see also
Planck scale mass, weak scale mass

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 174, 337, 338, 434

massive objects 43, 45,
45

massless objects 43n

mathematical theories 104

matrix theory 452–3

matter 111, 112, 123, 219

Maxwell, James Clerk 9, 89, 154–5, 281

Maxwell’s laws 89

May, Michael J. 409n

medicine 27–8

Mendeleev, Dmitri 10

menorah 191,
191
, 192, 194

Merli, Piergiorgio 135–6

Minkowski, Hermann 107

mirror symmetry 451–2

Missiroli, Gianfranco 136

model building 8, 63–83

molecular biology 116

molecules 76, 123

momentum 131, 143, 148, 149, 170, 353–4, 356

Montonen, Claus 310

Moon, the 85, 367

Motl, Luboš 152

Mousopoulos, Massimo 443

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans 27–8

multiverses 60,
60

muon neutrinos 175,
175
, 176, 273

muons 78–9,
183

decay 94, 175,
175
, 273–4

and electrons 195, 273

handedness 176

interaction 273–4

mass of 79, 94, 175, 195

negatively charged 175

and supersymmetry 273–4

and time dilation 94

Murayama, Hitoshi 346–7

Myers, Robert C. 432n

Nanopoulos, Dmitri, 348n

natural selection 162

Nelson, Ann 347

Neptune 85

neutrinos 10, 79, 166–7,
183

and electrons 202

emission 376

as examples of leptons 175

flavors 178

handedness 167, 176

and supersymmetry 263

neutrons 161

charge-neutral 76,
77
, 173

decay 165, 166,
166
, 167

discovered by Chadwick 127

in nucleons 10

and quarks 9, 77, 173

turned into protons 165,
165

Neveu, André 261, 262, 286

New York Times
80

Newton, Sir Isaac

inverse square law 43, 46, 48, 69, 87–8, 279, 375,
375
, 398, 438

laws of motion 28–9, 85, 97; second law 96–7

see also
gravitational force law

Newtonian gravitational attraction 111

Newtonian physics 92, 118, 354, 419

nongravitational forces 148, 161, 177, 248, 255, 405,
406

North Pole 105, 106

nucleons 10, 76, 287

nucleus 76,
77
, 126–7, 162, 287, 366

Oersted, Hans 152–3

old quantum theory 119, 120, 126, 128, 131

Olive, David 262, 310

orbital angular momentum 146n

Ovrut, Burt 332

Oxford supersymmetry conference (1998) 336, 363

Oxford University 443

p
-branes 51, 309–10

Papazouglou, Antonios 443

parallel postulate (Euclid’s fifth postulate) 104, 105

parallel universes 2, 60–61, 83

parity violation 164, 165, 293

particle accelerators 177, 179, 181, 189, 295, 356, 359

particle colliders 8, 69, 94, 160–61, 176, 179, 180, 181, 184, 241, 255, 269, 276, 329, 350, 352, 357, 359, 360, 373, 413, 429

searches for extra dimensions 376–81, 407–11, 457–8

particle physics 35, 49, 51, 76, 83, 116, 301

Standard Model
see
Standard Model of particle physics

particles

associated with waves 130–37

bosons or fermions 146–8, 149

charged 159, 165, 323, 324, 325

decay 176, 181–2, 241

Delta 171

on different branes 342

effective theory 29–30

elementary
see
elementary particles

energy 221, 223, 225

eta 171

and GUT 234

heavy 79, 160, 177, 179, 181, 187, 225, 244, 247

Higgs 211, 212, 219, 476n20

and Higgs mechanism 204

high-energy 143, 202

interaction 227, 228, 238, 241, 342

interaction strength 221, 233

intermediate or internal 157

intrinsic spin 146, 164

known fundamental particles 174–8

left-handed 164–5, 292

masses 221, 252, 350, 376, 386

massless 170, 177, 324

matter 79,
79

muon 78–9

pion 171, 173

probability of finding 131, 132

quantum paths 148–9

range of 207

right-handed 164–5, 292

sequestered 342

Standard Model 79,
79

and string theory 5–6, 68, 69

and the strong force 172

tau 79

trapped by branes 55, 57, 59–62,
59
, 323, 324, 328, 389

virtual
see
virtual particles

wavefunction 134–5, 143

see also
KK particles

passages, defined 2

paths 228, 230

and the Higgs particle’s mass 252, 253

and virtual particles 229, 246, 248

Pauli, Wolfgang 167

Pauli exclusion principle 147

Peet, Amanda 328

“Penrose tiling”
4

periodic table 9

perturbation 311

perturbation theory 311–14, 316

Peskin, Michael 188

phenomenology 72

photinos 266, 269, 271

photoelectric effect 124

photon emission 128

photons 113, 146, 155–8, 161, 173, 218, 230, 335

as bosons 146, 147, 218

in Compton scattering
125

detection of individual 137n

Einstein and 9–10

and electromagnetism 200, 281

and electroweak theory 218, 219

nd gravitational source 100, 101

interaction 165–6,
166
, 201, 231

intrinsic spin 146, 281

light quanta 125, 136, 137, 148

and living on a brane
59

massless 170, 208, 218

relic 299

virtual
157
, 226–7, 281n

waves associated with 197

physics

bottom-up approach 238

classical 116, 117, 118, 120, 128, 135, 148, 279

conservation of energy 167

fields of 81–2,
82

goal of high-energy physics 179–80

laws, and inertial frames 91

Newtonian 92, 354, 419

and quantum theory 116

questions and methods 66

top-down approach 238

twentieth century 5, 8–9

Picasso, Pablo:
Portrait of Dora Maar 26

Pilo, Luigi 409

pions 171, 173

Planck, Max 9, 114, 116, 120–21, 123, 125, 131

Planck scale energy
136
, 145, 149, 169, 222, 249,
255
, 280, 282, 294–5, 358–9, 367, 405, 477n25, 479n34

Planck scale length 35, 39, 42, 48, 145, 149, 279, 282, 294, 302, 358, 359, 360, 365, 367, 368n, 397, 453, 454, 456

Planck scale mass 249–55, 258, 268, 294, 358–9, 368, 371–2, 380, 394, 398, 400–401, 403, 413, 430–31