When Paris Went Dark (47 page)

1
Michèle Cointet and Jean-Paul Cointet,
Paris 40–44
(Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, 2001), 10.

2
Tatiana de Rosnay,
Sarah’s Key
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007).

3
Gaston Bachelard,
The Poetics of Space
(New York: Orion Press, 1964).

4
Otto Friedrich Bollnow,
Human Space
(London: Hyphen, 2011), 87.

5
Marcel Aymé,
Le Passe-muraille: nouvelles
(Paris: Gallimard, 1943), 18–19.

6
Ibid., 19.

7
Edith Thomas,
Pages de journal, 1939–1944,
ed. Dorothy Kaufmann (Paris: Viviane Hamy, 1995), 154.

8
Victoria Kent,
Quatre ans à Paris
(Paris: Éditions le Livre du jour, 1947), 78.

9
Dominique Jamet,
Un petit Parisien, 1941–1945
(Paris: Flammarion, 2000), 89.

10
Ibid., 85.

11
Ibid., 99.

12
Sharon Marcus,
Apartment Stories: City and Home in Nineteenth-Century Paris and London
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 2.

13
Ibid., 24.

14
This and the previous episode are described in Anne Thoraval,
Paris, les lieux de la Résistance
(Paris: Parigramme, 2007).

15
Berthe Auroy,
Jours de guerre: Ma vie sous l’Occupation
(Montrouge, France: Bayard, 2008), 181.

16
Ibid., 96–97.

17
Private papers of Mabel Bayliss, catalog number 5527, Imperial War Museum, London.

18
Jacques Yonnet,
Paris Noir: The Secret History of a City,
trans. Christine Donougher (Sawtry, UK: Dedalus, 2006), 22.

19
Kent,
Quatre ans à Paris,
192.

20
Pascale Moisson,
Anecdotes… sous La Botte
(Paris: Harmattan, 1998), 91.

21
Auroy,
Jours de guerre,
122–23.

22
Laurent Lemire, ed.,
1940–1944 Der Deutsche Wegleiter
(Paris: Alma, 2013), 121.

23
Edmond Dubois,
Paris sans lumière, 1939–1945: Témoignages
(Lausanne: Payot, 1946), 122.

24
Ibid.

25
André Halimi,
La Délation sous l’Occupation
(Paris: Edition 1, 1998), 89. Halimi also filmed a very fine documentary,
Délation pendant l’Occupation,
that cites many such letters and analyzes the characteristics of people who sent them.

26
Paul Achard,
La Queue: Ce qui s’y disait, ce qu’on y pensait
(Paris: Mille et une nuits, 2011), 95.

27
Elsa Triolet,
Quatre récits de l’Occupation
(Brussels: Société des amis de Louis Aragon et Elsa Triolet/Aden, 2010), 33.

28
Achard,
La Queue,
79.

29
Jean Galtier-Boissière,
Mon journal pendant l’Occupation
(Paris: La Jeune parque, 1944), 55.

1
Clemenceau’s aphorism was used as the motto of the widely distributed Resistance journal
Combat.

2
Jean Texcier, “Conseils à l’occupé,” available on the Musée Virtuel de la Résistance website (http://www.museedelaresistanceenligne.org/doc/flash/texte/2616.pdf).

3
Robert Paxton’s
Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944
(New York: Knopf, 1972) and Henry Rousso’s
The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France Since 1944
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991) are thorough, clear, and definitive studies about the Vichy regime and the detritus it left behind in France’s collective memory.

4
The best recent historians of the idea of French resistance to the Occupation are Philippe Burrin, Matthew Cobb, Olivier Wieviorka, Jean-Pierre Azéma, Alya Aglan, and Jean-François Muracciole.

5
Jean-François Muracciole,
Histoire de la Résistance en France
(Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1993), 29.

6
Jean-Pierre Azéma,
1940: L’Année noire
(Paris: Fayard, 2010), 417.

7
Ibid.

8
Jean-Louis Crémieux-Brilhac,
La France Libre: De l’Appel du 18 juin à la Libération
(Paris: Gallimard, 1996), 89.

9
Ibid., 98, 101.

10
Dwight D. Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 296.

11
Matthew Cobb,
The Resistance: The French Fight Against the Nazis
(London: Simon & Schuster, 2009), 3.

12
Jean-François Muracciole,
Histoire de la Résistance en France,
103.

13
Gaël Eismann,
Hôtel Majestic: Ordre et sécurité en France occupée (1940–1944)
(Paris: Tallandier, 2010), 134. Eismann’s book is the most thorough analysis of the structure and actions of the MBF in Paris during the Occupation.

14
Ibid., 161–62.

15
Charles-Louis Foulon, Christine Levisse-Touzé, and Grégoire Kauffmann,
Les Résistants,
vol. 1,
Jean Moulin et les soutiers de la gloire
(Paris: Société Éditrice du Monde, 2012), 182.

16
Bertrand Matot,
La Guerre des cancres: Un lycée au coeur de la Résistance et de la collaboration
(Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, 2010), 24. Matot presents an excellent sociological study of the school. In his preface to this book, the novelist Patrick Modiano writes that this was “l’école de la Résistance” (the school of the Resistance; 10).
Cancre
is a familiar term for dunce, or lazy student.

17
Marie Granet,
Les Jeunes dans la Résistance: 20 ans en 1940
(Paris: Editions France-Empire, 1985), 184.

18
Matot,
La Guerre des cancres,
146–47.

19
Jacques Lusseyran,
And There Was Light: Autobiography of Jacques Lusseyran, Blind Hero of the French Resistance
(Sandpoint, ID: Morning Light Press, 2006), 110.

20
Ibid., 173.

21
Ibid., 112.

22
Roger Boussinot,
Les Guichets du Louvre
(Paris: Denoël, 1960), 11. In 1974, Michel Mitrani made an excellent film adaptation of this novel with the same title.

23
Ibid., 12.

24
Ibid., 27–28.

25
Ibid., 109.

26
Ibid., 148.

27
Musée de la Résistance, “Résistance,”
Notre Musée
11 (2001).

28
Cited in Charles-Louis Foulon, Christine Levisse-Touzé, and Grégoire Kauffmann,
Les Résistants,
vol. 2,
Lucie Aubrac et l’armée des ombres,
34.

29
Boussinot,
Les Guichets du Louvre,
151.

30
Adam Rayski,
L’Affiche rouge: Une victoire posthume
(Paris: Délégation à la Mémoire et à l’Information Historique, 1999), 16–17.

31
Ibid., 27–28.

32
Alain Blottière,
Le Tombeau de Tommy
(Paris: Gallimard, 2011), 216–17.

33
Thomas Elek, Letter to Hélène Elek, February 21, 1944, available on the
L’Affiche rouge
blog (http://lafficherouge.skyrock.com/2841967794-Thomas-Elek.html).

34
Thomas Elek, Letter of good-bye to his friends, February 21, 1944, available on the
L’Affiche rouge
blog (http://lafficherouge.skyrock.com/2841967794-Thomas-Elek.html).

35
Hélène Elek,
La Mémoire d’Hélène
(Paris: F. Maspero, 1977), 189.

36
Ibid., 177.

37
Renée Poznanski,
Jews in France during World War II
(Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2001), 164.

38
Lucie Aubrac,
La Résistance expliquée à mes petits-enfants
(Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2000), 29.

39
Françoise Siefridt,
J’ai voulu porter l’étoile jaune: Journal de Françoise Siefridt, chrétienne et résistante
(Paris: Robert Laffont, 2010), 81.

40
Ibid., 112.

41
Ibid., 131, 133.

42
Ibid., 148.

43
Cited in Jean-Pierre Arthur Bernard,
Le Goût de Paris,
vol. 2,
L’Espace
(Paris: Mercure de France, 2004), 38.

44
Rayski,
L’Affiche rouge,
8.

1
Hélène Elek,
La Mémoire d’Hélène
(Paris: F. Maspero, 1977), 189.

2
For an encyclopedic yet clear analysis of their plight, see Renée Poznanski,
Jews in France during World War II
(Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2001).

3
Jonathan Kirsch,
The Short, Strange Life of Herschel Grynszpan: A Boy Avenger, a Nazi Diplomat, and a Murder in Paris
(New York: Liveright, 2013), 11.

4
Poznanski,
Jews in France during World War II,
31.

5
Antoine Sabbagh, ed.,
Lettres de Drancy
(Paris: Éditions Tallandier, 2002), 44n1.

6
Poznanski,
Jews in France during World War II,
42.

7
Jacques Biélinky,
Journal, 1940–1942: Un journaliste juif à Paris sous l’Occupation
(Paris: Cerf, 1992), 46.

8
Ibid., 76.

9
Serge Klarsfeld,
Adieu les enfants (1942–1944)
(Paris: Mille et une nuits, 2005), 30. Klarsfeld’s monumental
Le Calendrier de la persécution des Juifs en France, 1940–1944
is the lifetime work of a man dedicated to the memory of those who disappeared. It is indispensable to those who study the French Shoah.

10
Poznanski,
Jews in France during World War II,
314.

11
Sarah Gensburger,
C’étaient des enfants: Déportation et sauvetage des enfants juifs à Paris
(Paris: Skira-Flammarion, 2012), 93.

12
One historian has convincingly estimated that at the end of the Occupation in Paris, about forty thousand Jews, many with yellow stars sewn onto their nicest clothes, continued to live in Paris. See Jacques Semelin,
Persécutions et entraides dans la France occupée: Comment 75 percent des Juifs en France ont échappé à la mort
(Paris: Éditions du Seuil/Éditions des Arènes, 2013), 23.

13
Patrick Modiano,
Dora Bruder
(Paris: Gallimard, 1997), 3.

14
Ibid., 46–47.

15
Ibid., 31.

16
Sarah Kofman,
Rue Ordener, Rue Labat
(Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 31.

17
Hélène Berr,
The Journal of Hélène Berr,
trans. David Bellos (New York: Weinstein Books, 2008), 245.

18
Ibid., 19.

19
Ibid., 27.

20
Ibid., 28.

21
Ibid., 263.

22
Jean Guéhenno,
Journal des années noires, 1940–1944
(Paris: Gallimard, 1947), 26.

23
Ernst Jünger,
Journaux de guerre,
vol. 2,
1939–1948
(Paris: Gallimard, 2008), 146.

24
About the yellow star and its ramifications, see Léon Poliakov,
L’Étoile jaune
(Paris: Grancher, 1999), Cédric Gruat and Cécile Leblanc,
Amis des Juifs: Les Résistants aux étoiles
(Paris: Tirésias, 2005), and Serge Klarsfeld,
L’Étoile des Juifs: Témoignages et documents
(Paris: l’Archipel, 1992).

25
Gruat and Leblanc,
Amis des Juifs,
45.

26
Ibid., 47.

27
Berr,
The Journal of Hélène Berr,
54.

28
Klarsfeld,
L’Étoile des Juifs,
64–65.

29
Ibid., 66.

30
Ibid., 90.

31
Biélinky,
Journal, 1940–1942,
232.

32
Klarsfeld,
L’Étoile des Juifs,
96.

33
Biélinky,
Journal, 1940–1942,
217.

34
Klarsfeld,
L’Étoile des Juifs,
97

35
Michèle Feldman,
Le Carnet noir: Un notable “israélite” à Paris sous l’Occupation (1er novembre 1942–12 octobre 1943)
(Paris: Harmattan, 2012), 45.

36
Ibid., 99.

37
Ibid., 62.

38
Many of these memories have been collated, taped, and transcribed by the remarkable archivists at the Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine, now sited in the Mémorial de la Shoah in Paris.

39
Maurice Rajsfus,
La Rafle du Vél d’Hiv
(Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2002), 67.

40
Ibid., 50.

41
Karen Taieb and Tatiana de Rosnay,
Je vous écris du Vél’ d’hiv: Les lettres retrouvées
(Paris: Robert Laffont, 2011), 191.

42
Gensburger,
C’étaient des enfants,
80–81.

43
Rajsfus,
La Rafle du Vél d’Hiv,
54, 55.

44
See Pierre Laborie, “Anachronismes,” in his
Les Mots de 39–45
(Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2006), 14–16.

45
Klarsfeld,
Adieu les enfants,
155.

1
Albert Camus,
The Plague,
trans. Stuart Gilbert (New York: Modern Library, 1948), 12.

2
Pierre Audiat,
Paris pendant la guerre, 1940–1945
(Paris: Hachette, 1946), 194.

3
Jean Guéhenno,
Journal des années noires, 1940–1944
(Paris: Gallimard, 1947), 268.

4
Gertrude Stein,
Wars I Have Seen
(London: Brilliance Books, 1984), 105.

5
Allan Mitchell,
Nazi Paris: The History of an Occupation, 1940–1944
(New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 24.

6
Audiat,
Paris pendant la guerre,
241.

7
Jean-Pierre Guéno and Jérôme Pecnard,
Paroles de l’ombre: Lettres et carnets des Français sous l’Occupation, 1939–1945
(Paris: Arènes, 2009), 48–49.

8
Jean-Marc Dreyfus and Sarah Gensburger,
Nazi Labour Camps in Paris: Austerlitz, Lévitan, Bassano, July 1943–August 1944
(New York: Berghahn Books, 2011), 25.

9
W. G. Sebald,
Austerlitz
(New York: Random House, 2001), 288.

10
Olivier Todd,
Albert Camus: A Life
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 114.

11
Camus,
The Plague,
71–72.

12
Ibid., 3.

13
Ibid., 71.

14
Albert Camus,
Notebooks, 1942–1951,
trans. and ed. Justin O’Brien (New York: Knopf, 1965), 28.

15
Camus,
The Plague,
167.

16
Ibid., 113.

17
Colette,
Paris de ma fenêtre,
in
Oeuvres,
vol. 4 (Paris: Gallimard, 2001), 687.

18
Ibid., 680.

19
See Alan Riding,
And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris
(New York: Knopf, 2010), and Frederic Spotts,
The Shameful Peace: How French Artists and Intellectuals Survived the Nazi Occupation
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), for full histories of this moral embarrassment during and after the Occupation.

20
Audiat,
Paris pendant la guerre,
205.

21
Guy Krivopisco,
Les Fusillés de la Cascade du Bois de Boulogne, 16 août 1944
(Paris: Mairie de Paris, 2000), 10.

22
Mitchell,
Nazi Paris,
131. Mitchell’s book is a gold mine of information on the bureaucratic operations of the Occupiers.

23
Ibid., 155.