When the War Was Over (103 page)

281 Phat's story continues based on Phat confessions previously cited.

285 The answer is preserved in the notebooks . . . Notebook retrieved from Tuol Sleng for David Hawk and translated by Heder.

289 A sense of the numbers of people murdered . . . David Hawk interview of Southwestern Zone witness shared with author.

290 Prince Sihanouk accepted it as a grim . . . Author interview, January 1979.

291 “An ancestral prophecy predicts . . .” Norodom Sihanouk,
War and Hope
(New York: Pantheon, 1980).

293 From the records kept on rice production . . . Figures from Pol Pot's written answers to questions from author and Richard Dudman, Phnom Penh, December 1978.

294 The four-year plan described in Pol Pot, “Let Us Continue.”

295 “In the former society . . .” Author interview, Democratic Kampuchea, 1978.

296 “You can see that all . . .” Ibid.

297 Until the middle of 1977 the Eastern Zone . . . Discussion of the Eastern Zone based on summary of the trial of Pol Pot and Ieng Sary, in absentia, Phnom Penh, August 1979, broadcast over the official SPK radio; Ben Kiernan, “Wild Chickens, Farm Chickens and Cormorants,” in Chandler and Kiernan,
Revolution;
Heder, “Origins”; Heder interview with Hem Samin; author interviews with Hun Sen and Ouk Boun Chhoeun, Phnom Penh, 1983; “Party History”

300 “In 1977 there was a violent fight between the patriots . . .” Heder interview.

300 In the modern era . . . Discussion of Cambodian attitudes toward Vietnam and the border are based on Leifer, “Document on Border Issue,” and Heder, “Origins.”

301 “Since the Sihanouk era . . .” Heder, “Origins.”

301 “We switched to the 1960 date . . .” Heder interview, op cit.

303 “We had let the Vietnamese come . . .” Author interview.

305 “If Laos had not joined the Indochinese Federation . . .” Author interview.

307 “To openly and officially proclaim . . .” This and all subsequent quotes from Pol Pot are from “Long Live.”

308 “The Cambodians don't like to hear . . .” Author interview.

309 “According to Nhim Ros . . .” Author interview.

309 The Vietnamese started recruiting Cambodian refugees . . . Nayan Chanda in
Far Eastern Economic Review
, February 1978.

309 A Cambodian living in suburban Washington . . . Author interview, November 1977.

310 “raping, tearing fetuses . . .” Vietnam News Agency.

310 “to loot and take away thousands . . .” Radio Democratic Kampuchea.

311 The Center began arresting Eastern Zone cadre . . . Details of the purge and So Phim's murder drawn from Kiernan, “Chickens.”

313 Han Tao . . . Author interview.

314 over 100,000 people massacred . . . figure from Kiernan, op cit.

314 This time the Cambodians were correct . . . Nayan Chanda in
Far Eastern Economic Review
, 1979.

315 Barely two months before the war . . . Pol Pot, “Let Us.”

315 The most influential . . . Excerpts from the journalists' dispatches from “Seven Days,” May 19, 1978.

315 Four American communist journalists . . . A complete report of the trip is in Robert Brown,
The New Face of Kampuchea
(Chicago: Liberator Press, 1979).

316 Pol Pot remarks to Myrdal and the Belgium delegation from “Pol Pot Interview to Mr. Jan Myrdal” and “Pol Pot Talks with the Delegation of the Association Belgium—Kampuchea,” Phnom Penh, 1978.

317 “People were clubbed to death . . .” Author interview, as are all Han Tao quotes that follow.

318 “But China is not a true friend . . .” Laurence Picq,
Au delà du ciel: Cinq ans chez les Khmer Rouges
(Barrault, France, 1984).

318 Sary said China was following the same path . . . Ibid.

318 Continued story of Sisopha based on author interview. 319 That month the intellectuals held at a camp . . . Y Phandara. Confirmation of change in treatment from Laurence Picq and Try Meng Hout.

325 In his forced confessions, Veth . . . translation by Heder.

326 The real threat came from the cadre who escaped . . . From the program of the Kampuchea National United Front for National Salvation, 1978.

327 In propaganda Vietnam became the “historic” enemy . . . See “Black Paper” for fullest expression.

327 . . . the Vietnamese accused the Cambodians . . . Timothy Carney, “Background to Cambodian-Vietnamese Relations” (typescript, February 12, 1978).

331 Vietnamese history based on volumes by Buttinger, Coedès, and Hall listed in the bibliography.

334 “Sometimes the Cambodians are loyal . . .” Carney, “Background.”

336 Vietnamese communists were divided over whether . . . The history of Ho Chi Minh and Vietnamese nationalism and communism based on volumes by Lacouture, Marr, and Rousset listed in bibliography.

337 “There is only a single Indochinese revolution . . .” Pierre Rousset,
Communism et Nationalism Vietnamien
(Paris: Editions Galilee, 1978), pp. 200—2.

337 This Soviet of Indochina . . . Ibid.

337 . . . only 40 members into their ICP . . . “Party History.”

338 “the Vietnamese Party reserves the right . . .” Captured document.

339 “nucleus trained . . .” Cambodian communist party history, op cit.

340 the National Liberation Front, which promised “the gradual . . .” “Political Programme of the South Vietnam National Front for Liberation” (Czechoslovakia: 1967).

340 “linking the emotional appeal . . .” Ishwer C. Ojha,
Chinese Foreign Policy in an Age of Transition: The Diplomacy of Cultural Despair
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1971).

341 “Compared with the demand of the people . . .” Author, “The Chinese Invasion of Vietnam: Changing Alliances,”
Indochina Issues,
March 1979.

341 “kings, princes and aristocrats” Ojha.

342 “They showed no respect for their elder party leaders . . .” Author interview, Hanoi, 1979.

342 “If there is a subject Chairman Mao . . .”Jean Lacouture,
Ho Chi Minh: A Political Biography
(New York: Vintage, 1968).

343 Bombs and all other kinds of explosives . . . Statistics and description of war damage based on James Pinkney Harrison,
The Endless War: Fifty Years of Struggle in Vietnam
(New York: Free Press, 1982); “With Firm Steps”; and Alexandro Casella, “Dateline Vietnam: Managing the Peace,”
Foreign Policy
, Spring 1978.

344 Cambodian communists were a political “minority” . . . Trotsykist doctrines . . . “The Vietnam-Kampuchea Conflict (A Historical Record)” (Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1979).

345 “Now, anything the Communist Party . . .” “Black Paper.”

345 “teach the Chinese a lesson.” Harrison Salisbury,
War Between Russia and China
(New York: W W Norton, 1969).

345 The Vietnamese . . . wanted to mix military commands . . . “Black Paper.”

346 China was trying to reinstate their “Han chauvinism,” their “imperial politics . . .” “Conflict.”

346 Worse, China wanted to break up . . . Ibid.

348 Vietnamese from north and south . . . Some 929,600 Vietnamese reached countries of first asylum as of 1984, according to the United Nations High Commission on Refugees. Perhaps another 250,000 lost their lives at sea.

349 By December 1974 the North Vietnamese . . . General Van Tien Dung,
Our Great Spring Victory: An Account of the Liberation of South Vietnam,
translation by John Spragens, Jr. (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977).

349 On the first day the south was placed under martial law . . . The account of postwar Saigon based on James Fenton, “The Fall of Saigon,”
Granta,
issue 15, 1985; Tiziano Terzani,
Giai Phong! The Fall and Liberation of Saigon
(New York: St. Martin's Press, 1976); “With Firm Steps”; “Our Great Spring Victory”; and Truong Nhu Tanh, “The Myth of a Liberation,”
New York Review of Books,
October 21, 1982.

350 . . . only the French ambassador to Hanoi . . . This and all subsequent accounts of French behavior in postwar Vietnam are based on author interview with official French source who requested anonymity.

“At the simple farewell dinner . . .”Truong, “Myth.”

50 “bars, brothels . . .”Terzani,
Giai Phong.

51 “At the end of this very long struggle . . .” Ibid.

53 “Atfirst we dreamed of doing very big things . . .” Author interview with Hoang Nguyen, Hanoi, 1983

53 “made a mess . . .” and “There was no warning . . .” Author interview.

54 “They continue to ask for aid . . .” Author interview, Hanoi, 1979.

354 In 1976 the farmers . . . Statistics on paddy production, inflation, and rice shortage based on Guy Gran, “Vietnam in Pursuit of Development: Socialist Promise, Natural Calamities, and Permanent Learning,”
Cultures et développement
(Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgique, 1979).

355 Hanoi created an elaborate blueprint for moving ten million . . . “Vietnam: A Socialist Economy in Transition,” confidential report of the World Bank, March 5, 1980, first section, p. 15.

356 “We had no bloodbath here.” Author interview, Hanoi, 1979.

356 . . . authorities imprisoned the former dean of the faculty of law . . . “Report of a Mission to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,” Amnesty International, London, 1981.

356 “We wondered if it wouldn't be better to simply . . .” Lek Hor Tan interview of Duyen Anh in
Index on Censorship
(London), March 1984.

357 “Everything I had been told . . .” Author interview, Hanoi, 1979.

358 “During these years of war . . .” Author interview, Hanoi, 1979.

358 Discussion of the ethnic Chinese question and case studies is based on: Alexandro Casella, “The Chinese Community in North Vietnam: Comrades in Confrontation” (typescript, from research at the Carnegie Endowment, 1979); and Paul Quinn-Judge, interview series of refugees in Hong Kong, June 4—10, 1979, for the American Friends Service Committee. The case studies cited are largely from Casella.

361 The government said: “The Chinese in Vietnam have completed . . .” Casella, “Comrades.”

363 “Since the Vietnam-Kampuchea . . .” Author, “The Chinese Invasion,” op. cit.

365 . . . by the steady staccato of a Vietnam veteran . . . Author,
Washington Post,
1975.

365 U.S. government support . . . Previously National Defense Foreign Language scholarships supported Indochinese studies; see author, “Problems of Communism,” May/June 1984.

367 ASEAN section on author interviews with diplomats from the ASEAN states, on background, and on news reports at the time.

371 Laos section based on author, “Laos: The Widening Indochina Conflict,”
Indochina Issues
, No. 2 (June 1979).

373 “The Vietnamese had pat speeches they recited . . .” Author interview.

373 Description of the anti-war movement after 1975 based on author observations and conversations with activists.

376 One was Cora Weiss . . . All Weiss quotes based on author interview.

377 “There wasn't just a phone call from Cora . . .” All Baez quotes based on author interview.

379 Woodcock subsequently called the “standard line” . . . All Woodcock quotes from author interview.

380 Phan Hien version of the Woodcock/Phan Hien negotiations based on author interview, Hanoi, 1983; Woodcock version from author interview.

381 The American expert staff . . . Author interview with member of staff who asked for anonymity.

382 [Holbrooke] did not have the moral commitment . . . Holbrooke views and quotes based on author interviews.

383 “May we go out this afternoon . . .” Holbrooke and Phan Hien confirmed each other's versions of the Paris negotiations in author interviews.

383 “I realized nothing had changed . . .” Author interview.

386 He first heard stories about the Cambodian refugees . . . Solarz story and quotes based on author interview.

387 The Brzezinski-Vance dispute over American policy in Asia is based on the public record and news accounts at the time and on author interviews with both subjects and with their aides, Holbrooke, Michael Oksenberg, and Robert Oakley. All quotes, unless otherwise noted, are from author interviews.

387 . . . he took the precaution of delivering . . . Vance address to the Asia Society in New York,1977.

389 The American embassy in Bangkok had sent . . . Cable made available to author by official sources.

390 . . . the case of David Truong came out . . . Author reporting at the time, some of which appeared in the
Washington Post
, February 1, 1978.

391 . . . and altering history to make it appear as if. . . See the subsequent memoirs of President Carter and Brzezinski listed in the bibliography.

392 Thach went to New York with different . . . Description of the negotiations based on author interviews with Thach, Holbrooke, and Oksenberg.

394 Robert Oakley, Holbrooke's deputy . . . Author interview.

394 Carter said he vetoed . . . Based on Carter's written response to author written questionnaire and substantiated in Carter memoir.

395 This chronology based on published reports at the time, primarily in
Far Eastern Economic Review.

398 The Malaysian artists who worked in batiks . . . Example in author collection.