Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? (40 page)

69
“No Nation will ever”
:
James Cook,
The Journals
, ed. Philip Edwards
(London: Penguin 2003; published in Penguin Classics as
The Journals of Captain Cook
, 1999), 337.

69
He estimated that there were six
: Ibid., 271.

69
During Cook's visit
: A. Grenfell Price, ed.,
The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific, as Told by Selections of His Own Journals
,
1768–1779
(New York: Dover Publications, 1971), 155.

69
Cook's men also noted
: Ibid.

69
With the possible exception
: “Elizabeth Taylor Chokes on Bone,”
Times-News
, October 13, 1978.

69
“Why did the chicken”
: John Noble Wilford, “First Chickens in Americas Were Brought from Polynesia,”
New York Times
, June 5, 2007, accessed March 19, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/05/science/05chic.html
.

70
The chicken remains
: A. A. Storey et al., “Radiocarbon and DNA Evidence for a Pre-­Columbian Introduction of Polynesian Chickens to Chile,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
104, no. 25 (2007): 10335–0339, doi:10.1073/pnas.0703993104.

70
The chicken arrived in Sweden
: Terry L. Jones,
Polynesians in America: Pre-Columbian Contacts with the New World
(Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2011), 142.

70
The first documented chickens
: Kathleen A. Deagan and José María Cruxent,
Archaeology at La Isabela: America's First European Town
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 5.

71
The Spanish conquistador Hernán Cort
é
s
: Jones,
Polynesians in America
,
144.

71
That zoo, built of marble
:
Pacific Discovery
, 7–9 (California Academy of Sciences, 1955): 164.

71
Cortés noted a street
: Hernán Cortés,
Letters of Cort
é
s: The Five Letters of Relation from Fernando Cortes to the Emperor Charles V
, ed. and trans. Francis Augustus MacNutt (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1908), 257.

71
The Nahuatl-speaking
: James Lockheart,
The Nahuas after the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 278.

71
When a Portuguese navigator
: Jones,
Polynesians in America
, 160.

71
Two decades later
: Antonio Pigafetta,
The First Voyage around the World (1519–1522): An Account of Magellan's Expedition
, ed. Theodore J. Cachey (New York: Marsilio Publishers, 1995), 8.

71
In 1527, a Spanish
: Alida C. Metcalf,
Go-betweens and the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005), 127.

72
In 1848, as the biologist
: Alfred Russell Wallace,
Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro:
With an Account of the Native Tribes and Observations on the Climate, Geology, and Natural History of the Amazon Valley
(London: Ward Lock, 1889), 210.

72
One intriguing report
: Jones,
Polynesians in America
, 145.

72
Just two years earlier
: Domingo Martinez-Castilla to University of Missouri–Columbia colleagues, December 15, 1996, accessed March 19, 2014,
http://www.andes.missouri.edu/Personal/DMartinez/Diffusion/msg00028.html
.

72
A half century later
: Raul Borras Barrenechea, ed.
Relacion del Descubrimiento del Reyno del Peru
(Lima: Instituto Raul Porras Barrenechea 1970), 41–60.

72
But the very name
: Jones,
Polynesians in America
, 52.

72
A museum in Lima
: “Zoomorphic Polychrome Terracotta Vessel in Shape of Rooster, Peru, Vicus Culture, Pre–Inca Civilization, circa 100 B.C.,” The Bridgeman Art Library, accessed March 19, 2014,
http://www.bridgemanart.com/en-GB/asset/512719
.

73
One Jesuit in the 1580s
: Metcalf,
Go-betweens and the Colonization of Brazil
,152.

73
By the close of the sixteenth
: W. S. W. Ruschenberger,
Three Years in the Pacific; Including Notices of Brazil, Chile, Bolivia, Peru
(Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Blanchard, 1834), 394.

73
Bantu slaves from southern
: Jones,
Polynesians in America
,
145.

73
Those bones had
: Lisa Matisoo-Smith, email message to author, 2013.

74
“An ancient Polynesian haplotype”
: Storey, “Radiocarbon and DNA Evidence.”

74
When we eat and
: Sheridan Bowman,
Radiocarbon Dating
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 25.

75
Gongora and others
: Gongora et al., “Indo-European and Asian Origins for Chilean and Pacific Chickens Revealed by MtDNA,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
105, no. 30 (2008): 10308, doi:10.1073/pnas.0807512105.

75
Matisoo-Smith, Storey
: Alice A. Storey et al., “Pre-Columbian Chickens of the Americas: A Critical Review of the Hypotheses and Evidence for Their Origins,”
Rapa Nui Journal
25 (2011): 5–19.

75
An independent team of molecular biologists
: Scott M. Fitzpatrick and Richard Callaghan, “Examining Dispersal Mechanisms for the Translocation of Chicken (
Gallus Gallus
) from Polynesia to South America,”
Journal of Archaeological Science
36, no. 2 (2009): 214–23, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.002.

75
Recent genetic work
: Caroline Roullier et al., “Historical Collections Reveal Patterns of Diffusion of Sweet Potato in Oceania Obscured by Modern Plant Movements and Recombination,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
110, no. 6 (2013): 2205–210, doi:10.1073/pnas.1211049110.

76
Wind and current studies
: Jones,
Polynesians in America
, 173.

76
Historical records mention
: Finney,
Voyage of Rediscovery
, 1994.

76
Words, tools, ritual objects
: A. Lawler, “Northern Exposure in Doubt,”
Science
328, no. 5984 (2010): 1347.

76
Island myths, many centered
: W. D. Westervelt,
Legends of Old Honolulu: Collected and Translated from the Hawaiian
(London: Constable & Co., 1915), 230.

76
Archaeologists working
: Jones,
Polynesians in America
, 125.

77
Looming in the distance
:
Maha'ulepu, Island of Kaua'i Reconnaissance Survey
, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Pacific West Region, Honolulu Office, February 2008; Edward Tregear, “ ‘The Creation Song' of Hawaii,”
The Journal of the Polynesian Society
9, no. 1 (March 1900): 38–46.

77
The archaeologist David Burney
: David Burney, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

78
Now researchers are pulling DNA
: Nicholas Wade, “Dead for 32,000 Years, an Arctic Plant Is Revived,”
New York Times
, February 20, 2012, accessed March 19, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/21/science/new-life-from-an-arctic-flower-that-died-32000-years-ago.html
.

80
“You end up with”
: Peggy Macqueen, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

81
Cockfighting was associated
: William Ellis,
Polynesian Researches during a Residence of Nearly Eight Years in the Society and Sandwich Islands
(London: Bohn, 1853), 223.

82
“The Pacific is a basket”
: Alan Cooper, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

82
Cooper's team extracted DNA
: Ibid.

83
By 1200 BC, when Ramses
: Paul Wallin and Helene Martinsson-Wallin, eds.,
The Gotland Papers: Selected Papers from the VII International Conference on Easter Island and the Pacific: Migration, Identity, and Cultural Heritage
(Gotland University, Sweden: Gotland University Press 11, 2007), 210.

83
There they remained until Samoa and Tonga
: Jared M. Diamond,
Natural Experiments of History
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011), 48.

83
The last burst of movement
: Neil Asher Silberman and Alexander A. Bauer,
The Oxford Companion to Archaeology
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 660.

84
Archaeologists call it
Lapita
: Ibid.,
210.

84
One view is that the Lapita
: Ibid., 592.

84
Cooper's team has intriguing
: Vicki Thomson et al., “Using Ancient DNA to Study the Origins and Dispersal of Ancestral Polynesian Chickens across the Pacific,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
, March 24, 2014, 113, no. 13 (2014): 4826.

5. Thrilla in Manila

86
The World Slasher Cup
: Rolando Luzong, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

91
Filipinos raise “large cocks”
: Alfredo R. Roces,
Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation
(Manila: Lahing Pilipino Pub., 1978), 1591.

91
When the hungry and
: Antonio Pigafetta,
Magellan's Voyage: A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation
,
ed. and trans. Raleigh Ashlin Skelton (New York: Dover Publications, 1994), 65.

91
Pigafetta was one of
: Donald F. Lach,
The Century of Discovery
of Asia in the Making of Europe
,
vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 639.

92
The first three attempts at colonization
: Luis Francia,
A History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos
(New York: Overlook Press, 2010), 55.

92
That lucrative trade
:
Southeast Asia
:
Ooi Keat Gin, ed.,
A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor
(Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2004), s.v. “Spanish Philippines.”

92
Scattered populations were
: Francia,
A History of the Philippines
,
64.

92
“The sight is one”
: Fedor Jagor,
Travels in the Philippines
(London: Chapman and Hall, 1875), 28.

93
According to some historians
: Ricky Nations, “The ‘Gypsy Chickens' of Key West,”
The Southernmost Point
(blog), October 14, 2013, accessed March 19, 2014,
http://nationssouthernmostpoint.blogspot.com/2013/10/the-gypsy-chickens-of-key-west.html
.

93
As early as the 1700s
: Attorney-General, ed.,
Official Opinions of the Attorney-General of the Philippine Islands Advising the Civil Governor, the Heads of Departments, and Other Public Officials in Relation to Their Official Duties
(Manila: Bureau of Public Printing, 1903), 638.

93
Cockpit licenses combined with game-fowl
: Charles Burke Elliott,
The Philippines to the End of the Military Regime
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1916), 263.

93
In 1861, Madrid's revenues
: Ibid.,
263.

93
“It being a vice, the laws permit”
: Frank Charles Laubach,
The People of the Philippines, Their Religious Progress and Preparation for Spiritual Leadership in the Far East
(New York: George H. Doran, 1925), 403.

93
“To the cockpit went”
: José Rizal,
Noli me tangere
(
Touch Me Not
), ed. and trans. Harold Augenbraum (New York: Penguin, 2006), 302.

94
Cockfighting is forbidden
: “Republic Act No. 229,”
Official Gazette
44, no. 8, August 1948, accessed March 19, 2014,
http://www.gov.ph/1948/06/09/republic-act-no-229/
.

94
“How can a people”
: Alan Dundes,
The Cockfight: A Casebook
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994), 139.

94
Kincaid was an American lawyer
:
Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War: 1910
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1911), 421.

94
“Cockfighting has spread to such”
: Ibid., 415.

94
“Baseball is a tremendous”
: Edward Thomas Devine, ed.,
The Survey
37 (October 7, 1916): 19.

95
When the American author Wallace Stegner
: Wallace Stegner,
Collected Stories
(New York: Penguin, 2006), 372.

95
Fearful of large gatherings
: “Philippine Law: Cockfighting Law of 1974,”
Gameness til the End
(blog), accessed March 19, 2014,
http://gtte.wordpress.com/2011/06/19/philippine-law-cockfighting-law-of-1974/
.