Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? (43 page)

124
He was impressed by the
:
James Joseph Nolan and William Oldham,
Ornamental, Aquatic, and Domestic Fowl, and Game Birds: Their Importation, Breeding, Rearing, and General Management
(Dublin: Published by the Author, at 33, Bachelor's -Walk and to Be Had of All Booksellers, 1850), 4.

125
In the decade between 1845
: Geo P. Burnham,
The History of the Hen Fever: A Humorous Record
(Boston: J. French, 1855).

125
“Events which are injurious”
:
The Poultry Book for the Many: Giving Full Directions for the Selection, Breeding . . . of Every Description of Poultry; with Portraits of the Principal Varieties and Plans of Poultry Houses . . . By Contributors to “the Cottage Gardener and Poultry Chronicle”
(London: Wincester 1857), 170.

126
In 1854, Watts exchanged
: Lewis Wright,
The Book of Poultry; with Practical Schedules for Judging, Constructed from Actual Analysis of the Best Modern Decisions
(London: Cassell, 1891), 445.

126
“If you travel by a railway”
:
The Poultry Book for the Many
, 4.

126
“The eggs having been freely distributed”
: Dickson,
Poultry
,
10.

127
At the time, Watts's publication noted
: Wright,
Book of Poultry
,
208.

127
At London's popular summer
:
Poultry Chronicle
, 65.

127
“People really seemed going”
: Wright,
Book of Poultry
, 209.

127
The Times
was disturbed by
: “The Birmingham Cattle Show,”
The Times of London
,
December 14, 1853.

128
“They have fallen in”
:
Poultry Chronicle
, 66.

128
“If the Cochin China breed”
:
The Times of London
, reprinted in
The Southern Cultivator
, (J. W. & W. S. Jones, 1853), vol. 11, 126.

7. The Harlequin's Sword

129
“No one comes to see”
: Joanne Cooper, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

129
Now public, the museum
: “History of the Collections,” Natural History Museum at Tring, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/tring/history-collections/history-of-the-collections/
.

130
His 1859 book
On the Origin of Species: Charles Darwin,
The Annotated
Origin:
A Facsimile of the First Edition of
On the Origin of Species, annotated by James T. Costa (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press), 2009.

131
“God created, Linnaeus”
: David S. Kidder and Noah D. Oppenheim,
The Intellectual Devotional Biographies: Revive Your Mind, Complete Your Education, and Acquaint Yourself with the World's Greatest Personalities
(New York: Rodale, 2010), 206.

132
Within a species, he pointed
: Georges Louis Leclerc Buffon,
Buffon's Natural History: Containing a Theory of the Earth, a General History of Man, of the Brute Creation, and of Vegetables, Minerals, &c.
(London: Printed by J. S. Barr, Bridges-Street, Covent-­Garden, 1792), 353.

132
The varieties of chickens
: Georges Louis Leclerc Buffon,
The System of Natural History
,
comps.
Jan Swammerdam, R. Brookes, and Oliver Goldsmith (Edinburgh, Scotland: J. Ruthven, 1800), 256.

132
“The cock is one of the oldest companions”
: Ibid.

132
The French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck,
Zoological Philos
ophy: An Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals
,
first English trans. (New York: Hafner, 1914).

132
In a clever stunt that drew
: Wietske Prummel et al.,
Birds in Archaeology: Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the ICAZ Bird Working Group in Groningen (23.8–27.8.2008)
(Eelde, Netherlands: Barkhuis, 2010), 279.

133
Yet evidence mounted
: Jan van Tuyl,
A New Chronology for Old Testament Times: With Solutions to Many Hitherto Unsolved Problems through the Use of Rare Texts
(self-­published via AuthorHouse, 2012), 434.

133
The Philadelphia Quaker and physician
:
Prideaux John Selby,
The Annals and Magazine of Natural History including Zoology, Botany and Geology
(London: Taylor & Francis, 1858), 211.

133
The Charleston pastor closely
: John Bachman,
The Doctrine of the Unity of the Human Race Examined on the Principles of Science
(Charleston, SC: C. Canning, 1850), 88.

133
An ardent opponent
: Adrian Desmond and James R. Moore,
Darwin's Sacred Cause: How a Hatred of Slavery Shaped Darwin's Views on Human Evolution
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009), 90.

134
He once paid for lessons
: William E. Phipps,
Darwin's Religious Odyssey
(Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2002), 22.

134
Listed in a contemporary directory
: Laurence S. Lockridge et al., eds.,
Nineteenth-­Century Lives: Essays Presented to Jerome Hamilton Buckley
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 97.

135
Wallace independently came
: Alfred Russell Wallace,
Writings on Evolution, 1843–1912
,
ed. Charles H. Smith (Bristol, U.K.: Thoemmes Continuum), 2004.

135
The Reverend Edmund Saul Dixon
: “Edmund Saul Dixon,” Dickens Journals Online, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.djo.org.uk/indexes/authors/mr-edmund-saul-dixon.html
.

135
Dixon married and moved
: Edmund Saul Dixon,
Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: Their History and Management
(London: At the Office of the Gardeners' Chronicle, 1850), viii.

136
Dixon was puzzled
: Ibid.

136
In 1844, an anonymous
: Robert Chambers,
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
(New York: W. H. Coyler), 1846.

136
Prince Albert read it to
: Johnathan Sperber,
Europe 1850–1914: Progress, Participation and Apprehension
(Harlow, England: Pearson Longman, 2009), 46.

136
But it also drew critics
: Desmond and Moore,
Darwin's Sacred Cause
, 218.

136
In a gossipy letter
: “Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, October 6, 1848, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/entry-1202
.

136
Two months later, Dixon
: Darwin's personal copy of Dixon's
Ornamental Poultry
,
accessed May 14, 2014,
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/106252#page/4/mode/1up
.

136
Monarchies tottered
: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,
The Communist Manifesto
(London: Vintage Books, 2010).

137
On Christmas Day, as
:
Illustrated London News
, December 23, 1848.

137
It also was
: Dixon,
Ornamental and Domestic Poultry
, x.

137
Darwin underscored Dixon's strong
: Darwin's personal copy of Dixon's
Ornamental Poultry.

138
“It is very good & amusing”
: “Darwin, C. R. to Thompson, William (a),” Darwin
Correspondence Database, March 1, 1849, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1232
.

138
“I now really hope that your recovery”
: “Dixon, E. S. to Darwin, C. R.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, April–June 1849, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-13801
.

138
Dixon grew shrill
: Desmond and Moore,
Darwin's Sacred Cause
, 219.

138
In 1851, he declared
: Edmund Saul Dixon,
The Dovecote and the Aviary: Being Sketches of the Natural History of Pigeons and Other Domestic Birds in a Captive State, With Hints for Their Management
(London: Wm. S. Orr, 1851), 73.

138
Darwin kept quiet publicly
: “Darwin, C. R. to Fox, W. D.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, July 31, 1855, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1733
.

138
“I was so ignorant”
: A. W. D. Larkum,
A Natural Calling: Life, Letters and Diaries of Charles Darwin and William Darwin Fox
(Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2009), 237.

139
Fox agreed to raise the birds
: “Darwin, C. R. to Fox, W. D.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, March 19, 1855, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1651
.

139
Edward Blyth, a magnificently
: “Blyth, Edward to Darwin, C. R.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, August 4, 1855, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1735
.

139
Blyth, a brilliant but
: Robert J. Richards,
Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 107.

139
This adaptable bird
: “Blyth, Edward to Darwin, C. R.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, September 30, 1855 or October 7, 1855, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1761
.

140
In December 1855
: “Blyth, Edward to Darwin, C. R.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, December 18, 1855, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1792
.

140
While prowling a poultry
: “Darwin, C. R. to Tegetmeier, W. B.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, August 31, 1855, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1751
.

140
He importuned a missionary
: “Darwin, C. R. to Unspecified,” Darwin Correspondence Database, December 1855, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1812
.

140
I
n March 1856
: “Darwin, C. R. to Covington, Syms,” Darwin Correspondence Database, March 9, 1856, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1840
.

140
“This morning I have”
: “Darwin, C. R. to Fox, W. D.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, March 15, 1856, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1843
.

140
“By the way,”
: “Darwin, C. R. to Tegetmeier, W. B.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, October 15, 1856, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1975
.

140
“I expect soon”
:
“Darwin, C. R. to Tegetmeier, W. B.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, November 3, 1856, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1981
.

141
By November, Darwin
: “Darwin, C. R. to Tegetmeier, W. B.,” Darwin Correspondence Database, January 14, 2856, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1820
.

141
The Variation of Animals: Charles Darwin,
Charles Darwin's Works
(New York: D. Appleton, 1915).

141
Love of novelty led
: Ibid., 240.

142
The occasional bird
: Ibid., 238.

142
Darwin summarizes that
: Ibid., 240.

142
The
Gallus gallus bankiva: Ibid., 244.

142
He ruefully acknowledges
: Ibid., 254.

142
“Hence it may be safely”
: Ibid., 257.

143
As recently as 2008
: Uppsala University, “Darwin Was Wrong About Wild Origin of the Chicken, New Research Shows,”
ScienceDaily
, March 3, 2008, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080229102059.htm
.

143
A team that included Leif
: Jonas Eriksson et al., “Identification of the Yellow Skin Gene Reveals a Hybrid Origin of the Domestic Chicken,”
PLoS Genetics
4, no. 2 (2005): E10, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000010.

144
Like his father
: “His Imperial Highness Prince Akishino (Akishinonomiya Fumihito), President, Yamashina Institute for Ornithology,” Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://www.yamashina.or.jp/hp/english/about_us/president.html
.

144
While Hirohito specialized
: Naoko Shibusawa,
America's Geisha Ally: Reimagining the Japanese Enemy
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 104.

145
Brisbin noted that the red
: I. Lehr Brisbin, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2012.

145
In 2006, a team led by Yi-Ping
: Yi-Ping Liu et al., “Multiple Maternal Origins of Chickens: Out of the Asian Jungles,”
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
, 38, no. 1 (February 2006): 12–19.