Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? (47 page)

206
By then, ten thousand railroad cars
: Ibid.

207
As a band played and the crowd
:
American Magazine
152 (1951), 104.

207
With
Chicken Little: Martin J. Manning and Herbert Romerstein,
Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), s.v. “Disney Image.”

207
The agency promptly seized
: Solomon I. Omo-Osagie,
Commercial Poultry Production on Maryland's Lower Eastern Shore: The Role of African Americans, 1930s to 1990s
(Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2012), 49.

207
Soon chicken was standard
: Williams-Forson,
Building Houses Out of Chicken Legs
, 66.

208
chickens were said to be
: M. B. D. Norton,
A People and a Nation: A History of the United States: Volume II: Since 1865
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), 747.

208
But the internment of Japanese
: Sawyer,
The Agribusiness Poultry Industry
, 77.

208
By the time the war ended
:
Big Chicken: Pollution and Industrial Poultry Production in America
(Washington, D.C.: Pew Environment Group, 2011), 9.

208
In a 1945 meeting in Canada
: Margaret Elsinor Derry,
Art and Science in Breeding: Creating Better Chickens
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012), 165;
American Poultry Journal: Broiler Producer Edition
, vols. 89–93 (1958): 90.

208
Smarting from a federal conviction
: Marc Levinson,
The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America
(New York: Hill and Wang, 2011), 234.

209
On the Chicken of Tomorrow Committee
: Karl C. Seeger,
The Results of the Chicken-of-­Tomorrow 1948 National Contest
(University of Delaware, Agricultural Experiment Station, 1948).

209
The goal was to draw on the expertise of small
: Levinson,
The
Great A&P
,
241.

209
Given the old emphasis on egg
:
The Chicken of Tomorrow
, directed by Jack Arnold, 1948, Audio Productions Inc., accessed May 14, 2014,
https://archive.org/details/Chickeno1948
.

209
The committee also cosponsored
: Susan Merrill Squier,
Poultry Science, Chicken Culture: A Partial Alphabet
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2011), 51.

209
Contests in forty-two of the forty-eight states
:
American Poultry
25 (1949).

209
Then they were weighed
: Derry,
Art and Science in Breeding
, 165.

210
A 1951 issue of the
Arkansas Agriculturalist: Ibid., 50.

210
Until the early 1950s
: U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
United States Census of Agriculture, 1954
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1956), 9.

210
The only exception
: Alissa Hamilton,
Squeezed: What You Don't Know about Orange Juice
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 25.

210
Advances in nutrition and
: “Production Systems,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, accessed March 24, 2014,
http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/ag101/poultrysystems.html
.

211
John Tyson, for example
:
Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture
, “Tyson Foods, Inc.,” accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2101
.

211
By providing feed and water to the birds
: “Donald John Tyson—Overview, Personal Life, Career Details, Chronology: Donald John Tyson, Social and Economic Impact,” accessed March 22, 2014,
http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6375/Tyson-Donald-John.html
.

211
Only the largest operations
: Marvin Schwartz,
Tyson: From Farm to Market
(Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1991), 10.

211
“Just keep it simple
: Christopher Leonard,
The Meat Racket: The Secret Takeover of America's Food Business
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), epigraph.

211
Tyson's son Don studied
: Schwartz,
Tyson
, 9.

211
“We're not committed”
: Brenton Edward Riffel,
The Feathered Kingdom: Tyson Foods and the Transformation of American Land, Labor, and Law, 1930–2005
(ProQuest, 2008), 146.

212
So the new generation
: Derry,
Art and Science in Breeding
, 186.

212
“Modern science . . . threatens”
: Ibid., 177.

212
When a bill to tighten inspections
: Riffel,
The
Feathered Kingdom
, 116.

212
By 1960, 95 percent of Arkansas
: Ibid., 121.

212
While they muttered about
: Kendall M. Thu and E. Paul Durrenberger,
Pigs, Profits, and Rural Communities
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998), 150.

212
Attempts by growers
: Ben F. Johnson,
Arkansas in Modern America, 1930–1999
(Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000), 192.

212
For the first time in American history
: “Poultry Production,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/ag101/printpoultry.html
.

213
“It soon became obvious”
: Sawyer,
The Agribusiness Poultry Industry
, 52.

213
Tyson's $10 million in net sales
: Riffel,
The Feathered Kingdom
, 147.

213
But each bird weighed
: Gerald Havenstein, “Performance Changes in Poultry and Livestock Following 50 Years of Genetic Selection,”
Lohmann Information
41 (December 2006): 30.

213
Hungry markets opened up overseas
:
Poultry and Egg Situation
, no. 205–222 (1960): 14.

213
Upstart businessmen like Frank Perdue
: Richard L. Daft and Ann Armstrong,
Organization Theory and Design
(Toronto: Nelson Education, 2009), 44.

213
“It takes a tough”
: Philip Scranton and Susan R. Schrepfer,
Industrializing Organisms: Introducing Evolutionary History
(New York: Routledge, 2004), 226.

213
More than half of the nation's
: “Injustice on Our Plates: Immigrant Women in the
U.S. Food Industry,” Southern Poverty Law Center, November 2010, accessed May 14, 2014,
http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/publications/injustice-on-our-plates
.

213
It is often ugly, low-paid
: “The Cruelest Cuts,”
Charlotte Observer
, February 10–15, 2008,
http://www.charlotteobserver.com/poultry/
.

214
Fifty years after the Chicken of Tomorrow
: Jeanine Bentley, “U.S. Per Capita Availability of Chicken Surpasses That of Beef,” U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, September 20, 2012, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2012-september/us-consumption-of-chicken.aspx#.Uy3BjV76Tvo
.

214
By 2001, the average American
:
Profiling Food Consumption in America
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2003), ch. 2.

214
In 2012, Tyson recorded
: Tyson Foods, Inc., RBC Capital Markets Consumer & Retail Investor Day Presentation, December 6, 2012.

214
The sign commemorates
: “Chicken of Tomorrow,” University of Arkansas, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.uark.edu/rd_vcad/urel/info/campus_map/454.php
.

214
The marker near Razorback Stadium
: “The John W. Tyson Building,” Poultry Science, Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food & Life Sciences, University of Arkansas, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://poultryscience.uark.edu/4534.php
.

11. Gallus Archipelago

215
This last is touted
: “Cobb500,” Cobb-Vantress, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.cobb-vantress.com/products/cobb500
.

215
The Cobb 700 made
: “Cobb 700 Broiler Sets New Standard for High Yield,” The Poultry Site, October 1, 2007, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.thepoultrysite.com/poultrynews/12958/cobb-700-broiler-sets-new-standard-for-high-yield
.

216
In 2010, as the backyard
: “CobbSasso,” Cobb-Vantress, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.cobb-vantress.com/products/cobbsasso
.

216
Three major breeding companies control
: D. L. Pollock,
View from the Poultry Breeding Industry
(Princess Anne, MD: Heritage Breeders, 2006).

216
Based in Arkansas like its parent
: Cobb-Vantress homepage, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.cobb-vantress.com/
.

216
More than three hundred U.S. breeder
: “Industry Economic Data, Consumption, Exports, Processing, Production,” U.S. Poultry & Egg Association, accessed March 20, 2014,
http://www.uspoultry.org/economic_data/
.

216
In 1950, before the Chicken
: Ewell Paul Roy, “Effective Competition and Changing Patterns in Marketing Broiler Chickens,”
Journal of Farm Economics
48, no. 3, part  2 (August 1, 1966): 188–201, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1236327?ref=search-gateway:822036029853343f575f5e09154af4c5
.

216
In 2010, only forty-seven days were
:
The Business of Broilers: Hidden Costs of Putting a Chicken on Every Grill
(Washington, D.C.: Pew Charitable Trusts, 2013),
http://www.pewenvironment.org/news-room/reports/the-business-of-broilers-hidden-costs-of-putting-a-chicken-on-every-grill-85899528152
.

216
New vaccines based
: “Flip-Over Disease,” Poultry News, in cooperation with Merck, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.poultrynews.com/New/Diseases/Merks/202600.htm
.

216
During the 1990s
: Temple Grandin and Catherine Johnson,
Animals in Translation: Using the Mysteries of Autism to Decode Animal Behavior
(New York: Scribner, 2005), 69.

217
An Israeli team recently
: “Bald Chicken ‘Needs No Plucking,' ”
BBC News
, May 21, 2002, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2000003.stm
.

217
Academic researchers such as
: Ian J. H. Duncan and Penny Hawkins,
The Welfare of Domestic Fowl and Other Captive Birds
(Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2010).

217
As a longtime meat eater
: Karen Davis,
Prisoned Chickens, Poisoned Eggs: An Inside Look at the Modern Poultry Industry
(Summertown, TN: Book Publishing Company, 1996); P. C. Doherty,
Their Fate Is Our Fate: How Birds Foretell Threats to Our Health and Our World
(New York: The Experiment LLC, 2012); Steve Striffler,
Chicken: The Dangerous Transformation of America's Favorite Food
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005).

218
Founded in 1954 by broiler
: “History of the National Chicken Council,” National Chicken Council, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/about-ncc/history/
.

218
Senator Chris Coons of Delaware
: “Delaware Senator Chris Coons Announces Formation of US Senate Chicken Caucus; Georgia Senator Johnny Isakson to Co-chair,” National Chicken Council, October 4, 2013, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/delaware-senator-chris-coons-announces-­formation-us-senate-chicken-caucus-georgia-senator-johnny-isakson-co-chair/
.

219
He arrived in 1974
: Bill Roenigk, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

220
Not long after my visit
: Stephanie Strom, “F.D.A. Bans Three Arsenic Drugs Used in Poultry and Pig Feeds,”
New York Times
, October 1, 2013, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/02/business/fda-bans-three-arsenic-drugs-used-in-poultry-and-pig-feeds.html?_r=0
.

220
Every week, they process
: Ann E. Byrnes and Richard A. K. Dorbin,
Saving the Bay: People Working for the Future of the Chesapeake
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 142.

221
Chickens now produce 100 million
: Anna Vladimirovna Belova et al., “World Chicken Meat Market—Its Development and Current Status,”
Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis
60, no. 4 (2012): 15–30, doi:10.11118/actaun201260040015.

221
Steele's success, after all
: Matt T. Rosenberg, “Largest Cities Through History,” accessed March 22, 2014,
http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm
.

221
Saudi Arabian leaders
: “USDA International Egg and Poultry Review,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, November 20, 2012, 15: 47.