You're Teaching My Child What? (31 page)

42
Richard A. Crosby, Ph.D.; Ralph J. DiClemente, Ph.D.; Gina M. Wingood, ScD, MPH; Delia L. Lang, MPH, Ph.D.; and Kathy Harrington, MPH, MAEd, “Infrequent Parental Monitoring Predicts Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Low-Income African American Female Adolescents,”
Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
157 (2003):169–73.

43
Cohen D. A., Farley T. A., Taylor S. N., et al, “When and where do youths have sex? The potential role of adult supervision,”
Pediatrics
110 (2002): 66; Elaine A. Borawski et al, “Parental Monitoring: Negotiated Unsupervised Time, and Parental Trust: The Role of Perceived Parenting Practices in Adolescent Health Risk Behaviors,”
Journal of Adolescent Health
33 (2003): 60–70; Colleen DiIorio et al, “Sexual Possibility Situations and Sexual Behaviors Among Young Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Protective Factors Journal of Adolescent Health 35 (2004):528.e11- 528.e20.

44
Ibid.

45
Debra W. Haffner,
Beyond the Big Talk: Every Parent's Guide to Raising Sexually Healthy teens—from middle school to high school and beyond
(New York: Newmarket Press, 2001).

46
Ibid., 113.

47
See “Sex and the Anticultural Teenager” in Kay S. Hymowitz,
Ready or Not: Why Treating Children as Small Adults Endangers Their Future—and Ours
(New York: Free Press, 1999).

48
New York Academy of Sciences, Sept 18-20, 2003

49
B. J. Casey, Jay N. Giedd, and Kathleen M. Thomas, “Structural and functional brain development and its relation to cognitive development,”
Biological Psychiatry
54 (2000): 241–57.

50
Rhoshel K. Lenroot and Jay N. Giedd, “Brain development in children and adolescents: Insights from anatomical magnetic resonance imaging,”
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
30 (2006): 718–29.

51
Claudia Wallis, “What Makes Teens Tick?”
TIME Magazine
, May 10, 2004; available online at:
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994126,00.html?internalid=ACA
.

52
Roshel K. Lenroot and Jay N. Giedd, “Brain development in children and adolescents.”

53
Linda Patia Spear, “The psychobiology of adolescence,” in Kathleen Kovner Kline,
Authoritative Communities: The Scientific Case for Nurturing the Whole Child
(New York: Springer-Verlag, 2007).

54
Daniel Weinberger, “Brain Development, Culpability and the Death Penalty: The International Justice Project”; available online at:
www.scribd.com/doc/2169002
.

55
Claudia Wallis, “What Makes Teens Tick?”
Time
, September 26, 2008.

56
“Growth and Development, Ages 13 to 17—What Parents Need to Know,”
http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=156&Itemid=206

57
Daniel Weinberger, “Brain Development, Culpability and the Death Penalty: The International Justice Project”; available online at:
www.scribd.com/doc/2169002
.

58
Greg Muirhead, “Early Puberty Tied to Risky Behavior,”
Clinical Psychiatry News
36, no. 4 (2008): 3.

59
Of course there are wide variations among individual adolescents, and not everything here will apply to every teen.

60
Monique Ernst and Martin P. Paulus, “Neurobiology of Decision Making: A Selective Review from a Neurocognitive and Clinical Perspective,”
Biological Psychiatry
58 (2005): 597–604.

61
Ibid.

62
Adriana Galvan et al, “Earlier Development of the Accumbens Relative to Orbitofrontal Cortex Might Underlie Risk-Taking Behavior in Adolescents,”
Journal of Neuroscience
26, no.25 (2006): 6885–92.

63
Laurence Steinberg, “Cognitive and affective development in adolescence,”
Trends in Cognitive Sciences
9, no. 2 (February 2005).

64
Of course, alcohol increases the likelihood of risky behavior. But even while sober, teens are susceptible to lapses in judgment.

65
Ibid.; K. Kersting, “Brain research advances help elucidate teen behavior,”
Monitor on Psychology
(July/August 2004): 80; John Merriman, “Linking Risk-Taking Behavior and Peer Influence in Adolescents,”
NeuroPsychiatry Reviews
9, no.1 (2008).

66
Ronald E. Dahl, “Adolescent Brain Development; A Period of Vulnerabilities and Opportunities,”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1021 (2004).

67
Yurgelin-Todd,
www.sosparents.org/flash10.html

68
Laurence Steinberg, “Cognitive and affective development in adolescence.”

69
Ibid.

70
Linda Patia Spear, “The psychobiology of adolescence,” 272.

71
Ronald E. Dahl, “Adolescent Brain Development”; Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics at the University of Pittsburgh and organizer of the 2003 conference on adolescent brain development.

72
Linda Patia Spear, “The Adolescent Brain and Age-related Behavioral Manifestations,”
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
24 (2000): 424–25.

73
Laurence Steinberg, “Risk Taking in Adolescence: What Changes, and Why?”
Annals New York Academy of Sciences
1021 (June 2004): 54–57.

74
Claudia Wallis, “What Makes Teens Tick?”

75
Richard L. Wiener and Monica K. Miller, “Determining the death penalty for juveniles,”
Monitor on Psychology
35, no. 1 (January 2004).

76
Planned Parenthood of the Southern Finger Lakes newsletter, “SEX: Talk About It,” Fall 2005, 1; available online at:
http://www.plannedparenthood.org/ppsfl/newsletter-sex-talk-about-it-2486.htm
.

77
Stats for 2007: Chlamydia: 324, 548 cases in females under twenty, higher than any other age group and almost 5 times the reported cases in males (
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats07/tables/10.htm
).

78
“Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2007 Supplement,” Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
http://www.cdc.gov/std/Chlamydia2007/CTSurvSupp2007Short.pdf
; and “Quick Stats: Prevalence of HPV Infection Among Sexually Active Females, Aged 14–59 Years, by Age Group,” National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 2003–2004,
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5633a5.htm?s_cid=mm5633a5_e

79
Amanda Dempsey, Sharon Humiston, and Anna-Barbara Moscicki, “Panel Discussion: Practical Pediatrics: Effective Communication Strategies for Cervical Cancer Prevention” (part of symposium held October 8, 2006, called Pediatricians at the Forefront of Preventing Cervical Cancer: What You Need to Know About HPV),
http://www.medscape.com/viewprogram/6281
.

80
The size of the T-zone can be affected by other factors besides age.

81
There is wide individual variation in the size of transformation zones.

82
To be more accurate, it moves up through the uterine os, or opening, toward the uterus. But for the purposes of this discussion, it's fair to describe this as “shrinking,” because the area available for infection gets smaller.

83
Franck Remoue et al, “High intraepithelial expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the transformation zone of the uterine cervix,”
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
189 (2003): 1660–5.

84
I.e., the immune system.

85
Sun Kuie Tay and Albert Singer, “The effects of oral contraceptive steroids, menopause and hormone replacement therapy on the cervical epithelium,” in Jordan, Singer, Jones, and Shafi, eds.S,
The Cervix
, 2nd edition (Black-well Publishing, 2006), 132.

86
I.e., a lymph node.

87
Margaret A. Stanley, “Immunochemistry and Immunology of the Cervix,” in Jordan, Singer, Jones, and Shafi, eds.,
The Cervix
, 57.

88
Smoking can also inhibit these cells functioning.

89
Sandra L. Giannini et al, “Influence of the Mucosal Epithelium Microenvironment on Langerhans Cells: Implications for the Development of Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Cervix,”
International Journal of Cancer
, 97 (2002): 654–59.

90
Szarewski (2001); also see
Cervix
, 57

91
Franck Remoue et al, “High intraepithelial expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the transformation zone of the uterine cervix.”

92
Sun Kuie Tay and Albert Singer, “The effects of oral contraceptive steroids, menopause and hormone replacement therapy on the cervical epithelium,” 135.

93
From discussion with Anna-Barbara Moscicki, MD, October 2007; and Jordan, Singer, Jones, and Shafi, eds.,
The Cervix
, 135. With the average age of sexual debut at age fifteen, and the postponement of childbearing for ten years or more, this is something to keep in mind.

94
Anna-Barbara Moscicki et al,”Cervical Ectopy in Adolescent Girls with and without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection,”
Journal of Infectious Diseases
183 (March 15, 2001).

95
Jordan, Singer, Jones, and Shafi, eds.,
The Cervix
, 91.

96
R. L. Winer, “Risk of female human papillomavirus acquisition associated with first male sex partner,”
Journal of Infectious Disease
197, no.2 (January 15, 2008): 279–82.

97
Anna-Barbara Moscicki et al, “Differences in biologic maturation, sexual behavior, and sexually transmitted disease between adolescents with and without cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,”
Journal of Pediatrics
115 (1989): 487–93.

98
I found the immature cervix mentioned by Alice one time, in her explanation of why it's important for sexually active young women to go for regular gynecologic check-ups.

99
For example, see: “Ready or Not? The Scarleteen Sex Readiness Checklist,”
http://www.scarleteen.com/article/boyfriend/ready_or_not_the_scarleteen_sex_readiness_checklist
; “Trying to decide when to have first intercourse,”
http://www.goaskalice.columbia.edu/1970.html
; and Robie H. Harris,
It's Perfectly Normal: Changing Bodies, Growing Up, Sex & Sexual Health
(Cam-bridge, MA: Candlewick Press, 2004).

100
K. Kersting, “Brain research advances help elucidate teen behavior,”
Monitor on Psychology
(July/August 2004): 80; Claudia Wallis, “What Makes Teens Tick?”

101
Ronald E. Dahl, “Adolescent Brain Development,” referring to the work of Ann Masten, Ph.D., op cit.

102
Dr. Mary S. Calderone, Dr. James Ramey,
Talking with your Child About Sex
, Ballantine Books (1982).

Chapter 4

1
They are in conflict over other issues too, but my focus is risky sexual behaviors.

2
The video had been developed by MCPS staff.

3
James Trussell, “Contraceptive failure in the US,” Contraception 70, no.2 (August 2004): 89–96.

4
Citizens for Community Values, “Workshop Summary: Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention” (12–13 June 2000),
http://www.ccv.org/downloads/pdf/CDC_Condom_Study.pdf
.

5
King K. Holmes, Ruth Levine, and Marcia Weaver, “Effectiveness of condoms in preventing sexually transmitted infections,”
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
82, no.6 (June 2004): 454–61.

6
This was an analysis of many studies. The range of risk reduction was 35–94 percent.

7
Susan Weller and Karen Davis, “Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission,”
Family Planning Perspectives
31, no.6 (November–December, 1999): 272–79.

8
Jorge Sanchez, Pablo Campos, Barry Courtois, Lourdes Gutierrez, Carlos Carrillo, et al, “Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases in female sex workers: prospective evaluation of condom promotion and strengthened STD services,”
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
30, no.4 (April 2003): 273–79; Richard Crosby, Ralph DiClemente, Gina Wingood, Delia Lang, and Kathy Harrington, “Value of Consistent Condom Use: a study of sexually transmitted disease prevention among African American adolescent females,”
American Journal of Public Health
93, no.6 (June 2003): 901–2.

9
The study only examined three STDs and therefore does not reflect the possible acquisition of other STDs including HIV, herpes, syphilis and the human papillomavirus (HPV); see Richard Crosby et al, “Value of Consistent Condom Use,”
American Journal of Public Health
93, no.6 (June 2003): 901–902.

10
Judith Shlay, Melissa McClung, Jennifer Patnaik, and John Douglas, Jr., “Comparison of sexually transmitted disease prevalence by reported level of condom use among patients attending an urban sexually transmitted disease clinic,”
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
31, no.3 (March 2004): 154-160; Anna Wald, Andria G.M. Langenberg, Elizabeth Krantz, John M. Douglas Jr., H. Hunter Handsfield, Richard P. DiCarlo, Adaora A. Adimora, Allen E. Izu, Rhoda Ashley Morrow, and Lawrence Corey, “The relationship between condom use and herpes simplex virus acquisition,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
143, no.10 (15 November 2005):707–13.