1775 (111 page)

Fairfax, Lord Thomas, 118

Fairfax Resolves, 217

Fairfield, Conn., 241, 242

Falcon,
HMS, 348–49, 351, 493, 497

Falcon
(
Hornet
), 402–3

Falkland Islands, 510, 511

Falmouth, Maine, British burning of, 343, 351–54, 496

First American Civil War, The
(Belcher), 429

First Year of the American Revolution, The
(French), 26, 225, 447

fishing industry, 57, 143–44, 246, 276–77

British ban on, 259, 284, 317, 503, 545

Fiske, John, 213, 215

Fletchall, Thomas, 333, 423, 424, 425

Florida, 63–64, 84, 509, 516

British,
see
East Florida; West Florida

Forks of the Ohio, 61, 106, 165, 171, 181, 293, 362

Fortescue, John, 30, 526

Fort Pitt, Treaty of, 364

Founding of a Nation, The
(Jensen), 249

Fourteenth Infantry Regiment, British, 338, 407, 481, 484, 486–87

Fowey,
HMS, 18, 28, 156, 350, 363, 408, 478, 483, 489

Fox, Charles James, 229, 278

France, 26, 276

American arms acquisitions from, 297, 299, 300, 304, 305–6, 312–13, 506, 508, 513

arms and munitions manufacturing in, 304

navy of, 512, 514–15

war on Britain declared by, 323, 380, 506, 508, 514, 517, 520, 525, 537

Franklin, Benjamin, 6, 22, 25, 31, 69, 104, 112, 145, 147, 157–58, 162–63, 170, 191, 204, 210, 268, 280, 302, 304, 306, 310, 367, 389, 390, 441, 458, 496, 502, 520, 543, 572
n

Franklin, William, 20, 22, 255, 260, 442, 541

Frederick the Great, Emperor of Prussia, 389–90, 507–8, 519, 520

French, Allen, 26, 225, 447, 450, 467

French Covert Action in the American Revolution
(Potts), 295

French and Indian War (1756–1763), 21, 45, 54, 61, 64–65, 70, 89, 102, 115, 124, 126, 133, 140–41, 147, 150, 152, 179, 246, 267, 280, 283, 385, 387, 465, 518

French Navy and American Independence, The
(Dull), 515

French Reformed Church, 213

Frey, Sylvia, 371, 372, 373

“Friendly Address to All Reasonable Americans, A” (Chandler), 87

Frontenac, Fort, 280

frontier expansion:

northern, 165,
166,
170–71, 172, 175

southern, 165, 167–68,
169

see also
backcountry

Froude, James A., 213, 215

Gadsden, Christopher, 12, 48, 147, 156, 185, 326, 496

Gage, Thomas, 52, 139, 146, 181, 228, 234, 253, 266, 286, 293, 304, 341, 361, 387, 427, 434, 450, 469, 481

arms and munitions procurement by, 10, 32, 34, 152–54, 230, 308, 324, 455, 456

black recruitment and, 370, 371

Boston Neck fortified by, 9–10, 252, 457

cautiousness of, 21, 152, 231, 234

conspiracy theory of, 458, 543

and Dunmore’s Indian invasion scheme, 181, 363–64, 407

Lexington and Concord battles and, 13, 226, 231, 448

Patriot militancy and, 7–8, 9, 139, 153, 457–58

political powerlessness of, 8, 109–10, 233, 235, 316

recall of, 14, 334, 447, 448, 449, 458

and siege of Boston, 233, 244, 284, 318, 319, 344, 379, 449, 541

troop and supply shortages of, 21, 316–18, 324, 325

Galley, Alan, 375–76

galleys, 495, 499–501, 504

Galloway, Joseph, 86, 139, 258, 269, 387, 458

Galphin, George, 179, 364

Gálvez, Bernardo de, 514, 515, 516, 517, 537

Gálvez, José de, 510, 513, 514

Galvin, John R., 10–11, 151

Gaspee,
HMS, 266, 346, 493, 497

Gates, Horatio, 245, 310–11, 474

George, Fort, 95–96

George III,
HMS, 472, 492, 493

George I, King of England, 71, 83, 220, 379, 392

George II, King of England, 71, 83, 84, 220, 379, 387, 392, 519

George III, King of England, 6, 7, 8, 68–69, 70, 71, 83, 118, 176, 209, 218, 228–29, 235, 252, 265, 276, 325, 334, 340, 389, 392, 429, 515, 518, 522, 536

on consequences of losing American colonies, 518–19

decision making by, 341–42

as Elector of Hanover, 388, 508

Patriots’ blaming of, 15, 26, 344–45, 432, 434, 444

Proclamation of Rebellion by, 15, 17, 30, 227, 229, 234, 259, 334, 351, 381, 438, 544

recruitment policy of, 383, 384

George, Lake, 284–85, 463

Georges Bank, 276

George Washington’s Secret Navy
(Nelson), 314, 492

Georgia, 4, 20, 42, 59, 63, 64, 65, 78, 82, 106, 207, 255, 257, 454, 495, 537

arms buildup in, 309, 495

Continental Association and, 332

Council of Safety in, 19

early fighting in, 46, 157, 419

governor’s flight from, 4, 19, 332, 491, 526, 541

Indian threat in, 181, 182–83, 364

indigo growing in, 263, 264

Loyalists in, 181, 333

militia of, 156–57, 419

navy of, 495–96

Patriot dominance in, 19, 181, 333

Provincial Congress, 19, 33, 495

religious disestablishment in, 186

rice growing in, 263, 264

Georgia Packet,
502

Germain, Lord George, 170–71, 323, 339, 340, 343, 355, 356, 372, 406–7, 490, 525, 529

German colonists, 39, 69, 70–73, 134, 167, 221

German Lutheranism, 83, 174

German Reformed Church, 70, 72, 79–80, 83, 94, 213, 216

Gibbon, Edward, 207, 384, 389

Gibraltar, 514, 516, 520

Glasgow,
HMS, 352

Glorious Revolution (1688), 208, 209, 217, 385, 435

Gloucester, Mass., 348–49, 351

Glover, John, 321, 326, 327, 504, 505

Golden Hill, Battle of, 137, 138

Good Americans, The
(Brown), 414

Grand Banks, 276

Grant, James, 4, 156

Grasse, Comte de, 412, 506, 514–15

Graves, Samuel, 15, 230–31, 234, 284, 304, 317, 318, 319–20, 322, 324–25, 329, 331, 339, 348–49, 395, 449, 481, 492, 493, 498–99, 501, 505, 520, 535, 542

and burning of seaports, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 350–56, 390

Great Awakening, 75, 76, 89, 173, 184, 213

Great Bridge, Battle of, 354, 373, 410,
485,
486–87, 488

Great Britain, 4, 96, 207, 229, 518

American arms imports banned by, 30, 32, 252, 308–9, 387, 539, 542

American backcountry as poorly understood by, 164–65, 170–71, 179, 183

American coastal trade regulated by, 116–17, 143

American colonies taxed by, 95

American currency regulated by, 101–2, 104

American exports restricted by, 94–95, 99, 111–12, 115–16, 144, 227, 228–29, 259, 269, 518, 544

American fishing banned by, 259, 284, 317, 503, 545

American iron products restricted by, 130–31

American ships captured by, 319–20, 325

American suspension of trade with,
see
Continental Association

American tobacco exports restricted by, 95, 97, 107, 108, 111, 112–13, 197

American trade with, 92, 99, 108–9, 134, 249–50

Anglicans in, 382

antislavery movement in, 359, 371, 377

in attempt to hire Russian mercenaries, 388–89, 391, 507, 511

coercion-conciliation division in, 379–83, 390, 393

collapse of Massachusetts strategy of, 450–51, 459–60

constitution of, 216

customs policies of, 114–20, 143, 197, 216, 268, 277, 283, 317, 518

economic growth in, 206–7

European enmity toward, 507–9, 518–21, 538, 543

first southern invasion of (1775–1776), 331–42, 406–7, 482, 522–38, 544, 574
n

Hanoverian kings of, 71, 83

imperialism in,
see
British Empire

intercolony trade prohibited by, 351, 518

logistical failures of, 392–93, 450, 523, 524, 529

maritime regulation by, 117

mercantilist policies of, 92, 93, 94, 98, 114, 131, 205–6, 256, 265, 518, 520

in naval blockade of colonies, 265, 271, 323–24, 329–30, 398, 491, 505, 540, 542, 545

New York City invaded by, 19, 27, 144, 145, 315, 323, 395, 437, 439–40, 444, 523, 524

political and economic hubris of, 206–7, 334, 336, 454–55, 459–60, 507, 512, 518, 520, 521, 525–26

political and economic naïveté in, 251–52

“political nation” in, 378–80

population growth in, 134

pro-American sentiment in, 381–82, 384

second southern invasion of, 514, 524, 538

1745 uprising in, 334, 379, 382, 480

1772 credit crisis in, 102, 107, 111, 264

slave uprising promoted by, 371–72

Spanish hostility toward, 509–10, 512

specie exports banned by, 98

strategic failures of, 338–42

subordination of American colonies as policy of, 117–18

transport and supply failures of, 314–30, 339–41

treason law in, 266

as unable to wage simultaneous northern and southern campaigns, 523–25, 537, 538

unpreparedness and miscalculations of, 322–25

war mentality in, 415

wealth inequality in, 135

Great Cane Brake, Battle of the, 425–26

Great Lakes, 64, 124, 293, 359, 360

Great Wagon Road, 61, 78, 165, 172–73, 193, 201, 202, 420

Greene, Jack P., 91, 105, 111

Greene, Nathanael, 238, 415

Green Mountain Boys, 22, 59–60, 176, 235, 237, 243, 272, 422

Grenville, George, 250

Grenville, Richard, 337

Grimaldi, Marques de, 511, 513

Growth of American Patriotism Before Independence, The
(Bridenbaugh), 201

Growth of the American Revolution: 1766–1775
(Knollenberg), 104

Guadeloupe, 115

Gulf Coast, Spanish victories in, 517, 537–38

Gunning, Robert, 388, 389

gunpowder, 513

American import of, 351, 484

American manufacturing of, 310

American shortage of, 296, 297–98, 301

Patriot preoccupation with, 308–13, 397, 494, 542

see also
arms and munitions

Gwynn’s Island, 183,
485,
489

Haddrell’s Point, 531, 532,
533

Hakluyt’s Voyages,
136

Half-
Century of Conflict, A
(Parkman), 274

Halifax, Nova Scotia, 286, 289, 290, 450, 524

Hamilton, Alexander, 41, 104, 176, 200, 464

Hamilton, John, 128, 461

Hamond, Andrew, 403, 406, 412, 488, 489, 500

Hampshire Grants, 21–22, 41, 55, 57, 59, 171, 173, 175, 179, 184, 190, 235, 237, 242, 422

Hampton-Elizabeth City Committee, 402

Hampton-Northampton ironworks, 368–69

Hampton, Va., 350, 353, 411, 483, 484,
485

Hancock, John, 117, 138, 143, 292, 298, 301, 324, 329, 454

Hannah,
326, 327, 352, 496, 501

Hanover, House of, 68–69, 71, 221, 388

Harcourt, Lord, 383, 386

Hartnett, Cornelius, 12, 530, 574
n

Hart, Oliver, 189, 422, 424

Harvey, Edward, 384, 523

Hat Act (1732), 96

Hatley, Tom, 168, 182

Henry, Patrick, 48, 111, 124, 155, 185, 253, 399, 401, 434, 453, 456

Henry VI
(Shakespeare), 208, 209

Henry VII, King of England, 218–19

Henry VIII, King of England, 218–19, 266

Higginbotham, Don, 3, 14, 466

Hillsborough, Earl of, 102, 168, 170

Hispaniola, 33, 34

historians:

neo-Whig (Consensus), 104, 205, 218, 284

Progressive, 104, 107, 125, 151, 205

Historical and Political Reflections on the Rise and Progress of the American Rebellion
(Galloway), 86

History of the Navy of the United States of America
(Fenimore), 494

Hog Island Channel, 531–32,
533

Holinshed’s Chronicles,
136

Holton, Woody, 111, 113, 479

Hooper, William, 529, 574
n

Hornet,
402

Howe, George Augustus, 355, 458–59

Howe, Lord Richard, 355–56, 390, 395, 458, 538

as peace commissioner, 355, 390, 458–59

Howe, Robert, 354, 373, 488, 529, 530, 574
n

Howe, William, 11, 23, 145, 246, 298, 336–37, 338, 339, 340, 341, 348, 355–56, 384, 390, 439, 447, 448, 450, 458, 524, 538

as peace commissioner, 355, 390, 458–59

Hudson-Champlain corridor, 21, 239, 273, 290, 291, 292, 450, 459

Hudson River, 140, 284, 499, 500

American fortification of, 403–4

Hudson River Valley, 123–24, 360

Hudson’s Bay Company, 519

Huibrechts, Marion, 307–8, 572
n

Hume, David, 507

Hundred Years War, 391

Huron Indians, 27, 2873

Hutchinson, Thomas, 114, 121, 139, 227, 451, 452, 453, 454

Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, The
(Bailyn), 218

ideology, American Revolution and, 195–221

Îles des Saintes, Battle of, 516, 520–21

imperialism:

American, 219–21

British,
see
British Empire

impressment, 122, 142–43, 203, 283, 317, 321, 384, 390, 503

In the Common Cause
(Ammerman), 249

indentured servants, 191–92, 409, 577
n

and American Revolution, 358, 359, 365–69

indentured servants, ex-:

as deserters, 193

in southern backcountry, 192–93

Indiana, 97, 124

Indian Boundary, 167–68, 182

Indian Slave Trade, The
(Galley), 375–76

Indian threat, 124, 193, 276, 278–79, 291, 358, 425, 478

backcountry loyalties and, 179–83

indigo, 129, 256

Continental Association ban on export of, 254, 262–65

Inner Lights, 178, 184, 188

Intolerable Acts,
see
Coercive Acts

Inventing America
(Wills), 436

Ireland, 19, 68, 84, 578
n

British Army recruits from, 66, 386

coercion-conciliation division in, 383

Irish colonists, 69, 72–73, 134

Iron Act (1750), 96, 130

iron production, 130–31, 368

Iroquois Confederacy, 179, 180, 293, 294, 359, 361–62