1775 (109 page)

as propagandist, 12, 38, 451–52

as rebel Machiavelli, 39, 122, 451–57

Administration of Justice Act, 217

Admiralty courts, 115, 116, 117

Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748), 280

Alamance, Battle of (1771), 171, 177, 178, 188, 333, 336, 426, 526

Albany, Treaty of (1775), 361

Allen, Ethan, 22, 60, 180, 235, 237, 286

Allen, William, 79, 122

American Board of Customs Commissioners, 95, 117

American colonies,
5

British ban on intercolony trade in, 351

British ban on westward expansion in, 97

British maritime regulation in, 117

British ships captured by, 325, 327

Calvinism as political force in, 212–16, 566
n

Canada as threat to, 243–44, 274, 278

as Chosen Nation, 51, 58, 75–76, 415

conflict between royal governors and legislatures in, 210–11

de facto independence of, 19, 431–32, 438, 440, 540

English Civil War and, 417

ethnicity and religion in, 69–74, 213, 419, 554
n

expansionism in, 219–20, 278, 552
n

George III’s rebellion proclamation against, 15, 17, 30, 227, 229, 234, 259, 334, 351, 381, 438, 544

German immigrants in, 221

indentured servants in, 191–92, 577
n

Indian threat and, 278–79, 358

nationalism in, 7, 27, 93, 199, 200–204

population growth in, 93, 134, 203, 204, 268, 462

Protestant tradition of dissent as cause of, 214–15

reconciliationism in, 24–25, 465

religious dissenters in, 74–75

shipbuilding industry in, 268, 318

ships of, captured by British, 319–20, 325

subordination of, as British policy, 117–18

transported convicts in, 191, 192, 193, 365–68, 577
n

war mentality in, 3–4, 13, 20, 27–28, 29, 200, 380, 415

see also specific colonies and regions

American Congress,
406

American Creation
(Ellis), 25–26

American imperialism, 219–21

American Negotiator,
100

American Revolution, 3

blacks and, 196–97, 221, 357–58, 369–75

Calvinist impact on, 212–16, 566
n

as civil war, 197–99, 269, 381, 414–30

communications issues in, 12, 14, 24–25, 269

conspiracy theories and, 199, 216–19, 429, 543

debt evasion as cause of, 107, 120, 121, 125

discontent with British rule as cause of, 196

economic causes of, 197, 205–8

economic self-determination as goal of, 90–131

English Civil War legacy in, 429

French and Spanish entry into, 323, 380, 506, 514, 517, 520, 525, 537

as funded by tobacco, 395, 397–99, 412

ideology and, 195–221

indentured servants and, 358, 359, 365–69

Indians and, 357, 358, 360–61

local issues in, 421

militias as foundation for, 160–63

myths surrounding, 6

nationalism as cause of, 196, 200–204

New England as first theater of, 225–48

Patriot control of government as key in, 437, 541–42

political geography of, 7

Protestant tradition of dissent as cause of, 196

rights of Englishmen and, 196, 204, 209–10, 216, 218

Spain and, 323, 380, 508, 511–17, 520

American Sphinx
(Ellis), 431

Amherst, Jeffery, 280

Ammerman, David, 29, 249, 261, 271

Amsterdam, 302, 305

Anglicanism, Anglicans, 69, 74, 76–77, 80, 83, 94, 216, 240, 422

American bishops proposed for, 84–85

in Connecticut, 82–83, 240–41, 242, 553
n
–54
n,
564
n
–65
n

in Great Britain, 382

high-church, in South, 82

low-church,
see
vestry Anglicans

as Loyalists, 70, 127, 410, 411, 553
n
–54
n,
564
n
–65
n

“passive obedience” doctrine and, 86–88

vestry-based,
see
vestry Anglicanism

see also
specific colonies and regions

antinomianism, 189–90

Appalachian interior, 78, 359, 362

Aranda, Conde de, 512, 516

Armitage, David, 431, 432

Arms, Country and Class
(Rosswurm), 132

Arms and Men
(Millis), 162

arms and munitions:

American magazine raids and, 28, 30, 31–32, 33–34

American naval raids and, 33–34

American procurement of, 11–12, 16, 30–32, 97, 153, 154, 226, 231, 232, 295–313, 327, 328, 491, 494–95, 504, 520, 542, 572
n

American shortage of, 296–301

British ban on American imports of, 30, 32, 252, 308–9, 387, 539, 542

global competition for, 27, 30–34, 295–313

smuggling of, 30, 33, 34, 52, 120, 299–300, 314, 326, 542

Arnold, Benedict, 238, 244, 273, 286, 287, 289, 290, 291, 300, 462, 504

in attack on Quebec City, 468–69, 470–71, 474–75

military prowess of, 471–74, 505

St. John raid of, 461, 470, 471, 472, 492, 493

Articles of Capitulation (1664), 83

Ashley River, 140, 141

Asia,
HMS, 21, 46, 145, 319, 347–48, 541

Atlanta,
HMS, 307

Augur, Helen, 295, 305–6

Austria, 508

backcountry, 164–94

Britain’s poor understanding of, 164–65, 170–71, 179, 183

colonial governments distrusted by, 164, 174–75

evangelicalism in, 173, 183–84

Indian threat in, 168, 197

seaboard elites’ poor understanding of, 164, 171, 178

see also
frontier expansion

backcountry, northern, 165,
166,
171, 175–76, 180

backcountry, southern, 165, 167–68,
169,
175, 188, 333,
416,
419, 420, 422, 423, 564
n

ethnicity in, 167, 172

ex-indentured servants, convicts, and runaways in, 192–93

immigration to, 165, 167, 171–72, 185–86

Indian Boundary in, 167–68

Indian threat in, 170, 179, 181–83

Loyalists in, 189, 190, 193–94

political identity in, 172

religious identity in, 172–74, 184–94

Bacon, Nathaniel, 62–63

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676), 113

Bahamas, 310, 494–95, 513

Spanish-American capture of, 514, 516, 537–38

Bailyn, Bernard, 164, 172, 199, 216, 217, 218, 367

Baltimore, Md., 22, 43, 128, 131, 395

shipbuilding in, 402–3

Bancroft, Edward, 213, 214

Baptists, 74, 76, 77, 80, 173, 184, 186–88, 213, 216, 236, 240, 336, 381, 422, 563
n

political affiliation of, 187–90, 562
n

Separate, 174, 178, 184, 185, 186–87, 188–90, 424, 526, 563
n,
564
n

Barbados, 63, 64, 119

Barrington, Lord, 371, 392, 447, 448, 458, 523

Barron, James, 401–2, 502

Barron, Richard, 401–2

Baton Rouge, La., 514, 517, 537

Beaumarchais, Caron de, 32, 303, 308, 312, 313, 513

Bemis, Samuel Flagg, 302–3

Bennington, Battle of, 180, 243

Bering Strait, 510

Berkeley, William, 62–63

Bermuda, 17, 310, 326, 494–95

Betsy,
HMS, 34, 305, 325, 495

Beverly, Mass., 317, 321, 352

Bining, Arthur, 130–31

Bissell, Isaac, 226, 243

blacks:

American Revolution and, 196–97, 221, 357–58, 369–75

in New England militias and regiments, 369–70, 375

as pilots, 534–36

see also
slavery; slave trade

Blair, Fort, 364, 481

Bloch, Ruth, 76, 85, 89, 216

Bonomi, Patricia, 67, 76, 82, 85

Boston Harbor, 502, 505

Boston, Mass., 6, 11, 20, 117, 142

British ban on trade with, 301

British evacuation of, 237, 355, 450, 452, 462, 543

and British expedition against French Canada, 282–83

British fortification of, 9–10, 456, 457

British occupation of, 3, 9–10, 11, 17–18, 32, 38, 46, 145, 216, 239, 273, 289, 309, 317, 323, 331, 452, 492, 524, 541

Committee of Correspondence of, 452–53, 456

and French and Indian War, 283

Loyalists in, 8, 125, 126, 127, 237

maritime economy of, 140, 145

Patriot dominance of, 126, 127, 132–33, 237, 456–57

plan to trap British in, 12–13, 451–57, 543

population stagnation of, 133,
134

siege of, 15, 16, 33, 51, 54, 65, 163, 229, 231, 232, 236, 238, 273, 284, 289, 300, 315, 316, 318, 344, 447, 448, 459–60, 462, 541

Boston Massacre (1770), 137–38, 452, 454

Boston Port Act, 8, 217, 251, 254, 316, 325, 449, 454–55

Boston Tea Party, 8, 38, 45, 95, 139, 251, 264, 266, 453–54

Boucher, Jonathan, 86–87, 369, 409, 420

Bourbon Compact, 507, 509, 512, 519, 521

boycotts, 14, 109–10, 111, 127, 226, 227, 249–51, 253–54, 266

see also
Continental Association

Boyne,
HMS, 449, 498, 499, 502

Breda, Treaty of, 279

Breed’s Hill,
see
Bunker Hill, Battle of

Brewer, Jonathan, 290–91

Bridenbaugh, Carl, 84, 85, 146, 201, 283

Bristol,
534–35

“British,” use of term, 203

British Army, 11, 221, 383–86

Boston occupation of, 3, 9–10, 11, 17–18, 32, 38, 46, 145, 216, 239, 273, 289, 309, 317, 323, 331, 452

Calvinist churches burned by, 215–16

in Canada, 273, 286, 294

at Cape Fear River, 528, 537

foraging by, 318, 319, 448, 498

German mercenaries in, 6, 68, 344, 377, 378–79, 387–88, 389–93, 507

logistics failures of, 14, 21

peacetime levels of, 378, 379, 385

Scottish and Irish recruits in, 383, 385–86

transport and supply problems of, 314–30, 339–41, 450, 523, 529

British Board of Trade, 98, 118, 157

British Constitution, 209–10

British Empire, 200, 203–4, 220–21, 382, 518

American colonies seen as crucial part of, 265

Catholics in, 84, 89, 578
n

expansion of, 83–84, 89, 552
n

British Isles and the War of American Independence, The
(Conway), 378

British Secret Service, 32

Broad River, 423, 424

Brooklyn, Battle of, 321

Broughton, Nicholson, 326, 327

Brown, John, 21, 285

Buel, Richard, 52, 505

Bunker Hill, Battle of, 3, 11, 14, 17, 27, 33, 34, 46, 227, 234, 238, 246, 291, 297, 300, 308, 310, 324, 345, 458

Burgoyne, John, 34, 170–71, 243, 246, 322, 341, 448, 449, 462, 465, 474, 524, 544

Burke, Edmund, 74–75, 135, 205–6, 207, 214, 265, 268, 277, 304, 371, 381, 389, 519

Burr, Aaron, 516

Bushnell, David, 496, 502–3, 505

Butler, John, 294

Butler’s Tory Rangers, 421

Caesar, Julius, 6

Caldwell, John, 293–94

California, 510

Calloway, Colin, 179, 361

Calm Address to the American Colonies
(Wesley), 411

Calvinism, 75, 212–16, 566
n

Calvin, John, 90, 212, 215

Camden, Lord, 68, 209, 218, 317, 390

Campbell, Lord William, 18–19, 332, 333, 339, 373, 419, 424, 471, 531

Canada, 17, 57

British Army in, 273, 286, 294

British expeditions against, 279–80

Catholics in, 88, 273, 274, 278, 279, 285

French-speaking populace of, 272–73, 286, 287–88

Indian tribes in, 272–73, 274, 287–88, 293, 359, 462, 473, 475

invasion threat from, 243–44, 274, 278, 462, 463, 475, 543–44

Canada, American invasion of, 19, 22, 54, 65, 180, 233, 238, 272–94,
281,
285–86, 287, 291, 294, 297, 300, 309–10, 327, 351, 361, 459, 460, 461–76, 495

Arnold’s plan for, 473

British invasion from Canada thwarted by, 462, 463, 475, 543–44

near-success of, 463, 471, 474–75

Canceaux,
HMS, 351–52

Cape Ann lighthouse, 498

Cape Breton Island, 280

Cape Fear River Valley, 65, 129, 157, 336, 339, 406, 426–27, 522, 523, 525, 527, 535, 574
n

British expedition to, 334,
335,
336–42, 528, 537

as Patriot stronghold, 529–30, 573
n
–74
n

Cap Français, 32–33, 311

Carleton, Guy, 21, 273, 278, 286–87, 294, 434, 467, 468, 469, 471–72, 473, 523

Carlos III, King of Spain, 509, 513

Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution, The
(Woodmason), 172

Carolinas, 63, 92

see also
North Carolina; South Carolina

Castle William, 117, 142, 492

Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia, 7, 323, 388, 389, 507, 510, 511

Catholic Presbyterian Church, 190

Catholics, 9, 68, 410

in British Army, 385–86

in British Empire, 84, 89, 578
n

Loyalist-Patriot divide in, 410, 411

in Quebec, 88, 273, 278, 279, 285

Cato’s Letters,
88

Caughnawaga Indians, 273, 287, 358

Central America, 513, 514, 516

Chambly, Fort, 468, 473

Champlain-Hudson corridor, 57, 163, 179, 180, 284–88, 462, 475

Champlain, Lake, 60, 244, 282, 285, 462, 463, 472–73, 474, 492, 493, 494, 504

Chandler, Thomas Bradbury, 85, 87

Charles Edward Stuart (the Pretender), 181, 334, 480, 527

Charles II, King of England, 63, 196

Charles I, King of England, 59, 87–88, 159, 219, 383, 435

Charleston Harbor, 350, 526, 526,
533

British assault on, 338, 340, 522, 523, 524, 525, 530–36

Charleston, S.C., 28, 34, 65, 117, 147, 201, 301, 415, 424, 496, 529,
533

as center of radicalism, 132–33

fires in, 344

pre-Revolutionary growth of, 133,
134

waterfront of, 140, 141, 531

Charlestown, Mass., British burning of, 345

Charlotte, Fort, 18, 424, 531