1775 (105 page)

13.
Ibid., p. 26, quoting Fisher,
Bering’s Voyages.

14.
Black, op. cit., p. 79.

15.
Light Townsend Cummins,
Spanish Observers and the American Revolution
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), pp. 23–24.

16.
See, for example, Stanley J. Stein and Barbara H. Stein,
Apogee and Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759-1789
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003).

17.
Besides
Spain and the Independence of the United States
by Thomas E. Chavez (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002), the standard reference is Juan Francisco Yela Utrilla,
Espana ante la independencia de los Estados Unidos,
1925 (reprinted Madrid: Collegio Universitario de Ediciones Istmo, 1988). Another more recent Spanish-language volume is Eric Beerman,
Espana la independencia de los Estados Unidos
(Madrid: Editorial MAPFRE, S.A., 1992).

18.
Cummins, op. cit., p. 27.

19.
Ibid., p. 30.

20.
Ibid., pp. 4–5, 25–26, 32–35.

21.
Ibid., p. 34.

22.
Potts,
French Covert Action in the American Revolution,
op. cit., p. 95.

23.
Chavez, op. cit., pp. 31, 49.

24.
Cummins, op. cit., p. 4.

25.
Ibid., pp. 52–81.

26.
Ibid., pp. 113–14.

27.
Chavez, op. cit., pp. 188–94.

28.
Jonathan Dull,
The French Navy and American Independence
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 243.

29.
Ibid., p. 245.

30.
Stein and Stein, op. cit., p. 346.

31.
Robert Thonhoff,
The Texas Connection with the American Revolution
(Austin, Tex.: Eakin Press, 2000), pp. 46–49.

32.
Simms, op. cit., pp. 516–17, 535.

33.
Robson,
American Revolution,
op. cit., p. 29.

34.
Simms, op. cit., p. 574.

35.
Ibid., pp. 546, 521.

36.
Ibid., p. 559.

37.
Ibid., p. 572.

38.
Ibid., p. 567.

39.
Stout, op. cit., p. 162. On August 8 and 31, and September 3 and September 23, according to Stout’s review of Admiralty records, Adm. 1/45.

40.
Simms, op. cit., pp. 644–45.

41.
Ibid., pp. 640, 636.

Chapter 25: The Southern Expedition of 1775 and the Limitations of British Power

1.
Robson, “The Expedition to the Southern Colonies,” op. cit., p. 535.

2.
Center of Military History, op. cit., p. 113.

3.
Simms, op. cit., pp. 589–90.

4.
French,
First Year,
op. cit., p. 700.

5.
David Lee Russell,
Victory on Sullivan’s Island
(Haverford, Penn.: Infinity Publishing, 2002), p. 117.

6.
Peter Force, ed.,
American Archives,
sers. 4 (Washington, D.C., 1853), vol. 4, p. 440, quoted in Wilson, op. cit., p. 4.

7.
Sir John Fortescue,
The War of Independence: The British Army in North America, 1775–1783
(London: 1911; reprint Greenhill Books, 2001), p. 21.

8.
Rankin,
North Carolina Continentals,
op. cit., pp. 34–35, Russell,
American Revolution in the Southern Colonies,
op. cit., p. 79.

9.
Wilson, op. cit., pp. 25–34. The number of Patriots in the battle depends on whether one counts only those on the battlefield (1,050) or includes other forces not far away (1,900).

10.
Ibid., pp. 33–35.

11.
Dunkerly, op. cit., p. 98.

12.
Rankin, op. cit., p. 58.

13.
Ibid., p. 54.

14.
Patrick O’Kelly,
Nothing but Blood and Slaughter: The Revolutionary War in the Carolinas
(Booklocker. com: 2004), vol.1, p. 103.

15.
Russell,
Victory on Sullivan’s Island,
op. cit., pp. 146–47.

16.
Dunkerly, op. cit., p. 108.

17.
Rankin, op. cit., pp. 66–68.

18.
Ibid., p. 60.

19.
Ibid., p. 62.

20.
O’Kelley, op cit., pp. 42–43.

21.
Lipscomb,
South Carolina Becomes a State,
op. cit., pp. 17–18;
Lowcountry,
p. 11.

22.
Lipscomb,
Lowcountry,
op. cit., pp. 16–17.

23.
Ibid., p. 17.

24.
Ibid., pp. 20–21.

25.
Russell,
Victory on Sullivan’s Island,
op. cit., p. 161.

26.
Russell,
American Revolution in the Southern Colonies,
op. cit., p. 74.

27.
O’Kelley, p. 50.

28.
Lipscomb,
Lowcountry,
op. cit., pp. 22–23.

29.
Ibid., p. 26.

30.
Ibid., p. 27.

31.
Ibid.

32.
Naval Documents of the American Revolution,
op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 1,022 and 177.

33.
Ibid., p. 1196.

34.
Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 120–21; McGrath, op. cit., p. 54.

35.
Wilmington-New Hanover Safety Committee Minutes, op. cit., pp. 70–72.

36.
Naval Documents of the American Revolution,
op. cit., vol. 1, p. 638.

37.
Lipscomb,
Lowcountry,
op. cit., p. 26.

38.
Russell,
Victory on Sullivan’s Island,
op. cit., p. 220.

39.
Mackesy, op. cit., pp. 43–44, 158–159; Simms, op. cit., pp. 589–90.

40.
Mackesy, p. 408.

Chapter 26: 1775: A Good Year for Revolution

1.
Syrett,
American Waters,
op. cit., p. 1.

2.
Trevelyan, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 58.

3.
Mackesy, “The Redcoat Revived,” op. cit., pp. 182–83.

4.
Nelson, op. cit., p. 260.

5.
Buel,
In Irons,
op. cit., pp. 39–40.

6.
Ibid., pp. 44–45.

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