1775 (103 page)

40.
Conway,
British Isles,
op. cit., p. 140.

41.
Ibid., p. 185.

42.
Ibid., p. 190.

43.
Rodney Atwood,
The Hessians
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 153.

44.
Charles W. Ingrao,
The Hessian Military State
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 136.

45.
Trevelyan,
American Revolution,
op. cit., vol. 2, p. 35.

46.
Atwood, op. cit., p. 24.

47.
Trevelyan,
American Revolution,
op. cit., vol. 2, p. 41.

48.
Ibid., pp. 36–37.

49.
Atwood, op. cit., p. 24; Trevelyan,
American Revolution,
op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 35–36.

50.
Ingrao, op. cit., pp. 1, 138–40.

51.
Edward Jackson Lowell,
The Hessians and Other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain
(New York: Harper & Bros., 1884), pp. 25–26.

52.
Peter Taylor,
Indentured to Liberty
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), pp. x–xi.

53.
Trevelyan,
American Revolution,
op. cit., vol. 2, p. 52.

54.
Ingrao, op. cit., pp. 2–3, 137.

55.
Atwood, op. cit., p. 178.

56.
Hume, op. cit., pp. 409–10.

57.
Philip Davidson,
Propaganda and the American Revolution, 1763–1783
(New York: Norton Library, 1973), p. 371.

58.
Langford, op. cit., p. 384.

59.
Atwood, op. cit., p. 18.

60.
Trevelyan,
American Revolution,
op. cit., vol. 2, p. 36.

61.
Watson, op. cit., p. 204.

62.
Gazette van Antwerpen,
1775, quoted in Huibrechts, op. cit., p. 110.

Chapter 17: The Chesapeake—America’s Vulnerable Estuary

1.
Ira D. Gruber,
The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1972), p. 136.

2.
Ernest M. Eller, ed.,
Chesapeake Bay in the American Revolution
(Centerville, Md.: Tidewater Publishing, 1981), p. 16.

3.
Eller, op. cit., p. 315.

4.
Augur, op. cit., p. 69.

5.
Hoffman, op. cit., p. 147.

6.
Hoffman, op. cit., 164–65; Eller, op. cit., pp. 285–86.

7.
Eller, op. cit., pp. 212–15; Geoffrey M. Footner,
Tidewater Triumph
(Centerville, Md.: Tidewater Publishers, 1998), p. 46.

8.
F. C. Spooner,
Risks at Sea: Amsterdam Insurance and Maritime Europe, 1766–1780
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 101–2.

9.
Eller, op. cit., p. 316.

10.
Ibid., p. 297.

11.
Ibid., 106.

12.
Gene Williamson,
Guns on the Chesapeake
(Westminster, Md.: Heritage Books, 2007), p. 48.

13.
Hoffman, op. cit., p. 143.

14.
Eller, op. cit., p. 381.

15.
Hoffman, op. cit., pp. 154, 167.

16.
Ibid., pp. 170–75.

17.
Ibid., pp. 185–92.

18.
Hume, op. cit., p. 269.

19.
Hast, op. cit., p. 54.

20.
Eller, op. cit., p. 11.

21.
Adele Hast,
Loyalism in Virginia: The Norfolk Area and the Eastern Shore
(Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press, 1982), pp. 66–68.

22.
Eller, op. cit., p. 171.

23.
Ibid.

24.
Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence,
op. cit., vol. 5, p. 46.

25.
Eller, op. cit., pp. 222–23.

26.
Eller, op. cit., p. 157;
Guns on the Chesapeake,
op. cit., p. 97.

27.
Lincoln Diamant,
Chaining the Hudson
(New York: Citadel Press, 1994), p. 88.

28.
Jeffrey Dorwart,
Fort Mifflin of Philadelphia,
op. cit., pp. 20–21.

29.
Hast, op. cit., pp. 33–34, 69.

30.
Eller, op. cit., p. 78.

31.
Revolutionary Virginia,
op. cit., vol. 4, p. 169.

32.
Eller, op. cit., pp. 220–23.

33.
Jean Lee,
The Price of Nationhood: The American Revolution in Charles County
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), p. 135.

34.
Gay Montague Moore,
Seaport in Virginia: George Washington’s Alexandria
(Richmond, Va.: Garrett & Massie, 1949), p. 35.

35.
Eller, op. cit., p. 173.

36.
Ibid., p. 134.

37.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., vol. 3, pp. 1349–50.

38.
Eckenrode, op. cit., p. 108.

39.
Hume, op. cit., pp. 282–83, 389.

40.
Eller, op. cit., p. 69.

41.
Charles J. Truitt,
Breadbasket of the Revolution
(Salisbury, Md.: Historical Books, 1976), p. 5.

42.
Keith Mason, “Localism, Evangelism, and Loyalism: The Sources of Discontent in the Revolutionary Chesapeake,”
Journal of Southern History
56, no. 1 (February 1990), p. 24.

43.
Hoffman, op. cit., p. 226–27.

44.
Smith,
Colonists in Bondage,
op. cit., pp. 262–63.

45.
McDonnell, op. cit., p. 144.

46.
Ibid., p. 145.

47.
Selby,
Revolution in Virginia,
op. cit., p. 274.

48.
Mason, op cit., pp. 30–31; Truitt, op. cit., pp. 110–13.

49.
M. Christopher New,
Maryland Loyalists
(Centerville, Md.: Tidewater Publishing, 1996), p. 46.

50.
This is discussed in somewhat more detail on p. 138 and pp. 592–93 of
The Cousins’ Wars,
as well as in Carl Van Doren, “Some Plans for a Loyalist Stronghold in the Middle Colonies,”
Pennsylvania History Magazine,
1949.

51.
Dee Andrews,
The Methodists and Revolutionary America, 1760-1800
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), pp. 45–62.

52.
Hoffman, op. cit., p. 227; William H. Williams,
The Garden of American Methodism
(Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997), p. 40.

53.
Russell,
The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies,
op. cit., p. 127.

54.
New, op. cit., p. 79.

Chapter 18: The American Revolution as a Civil War

1.
Jones,
The South Carolina Civil War,
op. cit., pp. 7, 13, 60.

2.
Winston S. Churchill,
The Age of Revolution
(New York: Bantam Books, 1963), p. 172.

3.
Leiby, op. cit., p. 94.

4.
Brief details on the choice of sides and actual military confrontations in English North America can be found in
The Cousins’ Wars,
pp. 57–60. Two recent books of related interest include Timothy B. Riordan,
The Plundering Time: Maryland and the English Civil War, 1645–1646
(Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2004); and Susan Hardman Moore,
Pilgrims: New World Settlers and the Call of Home
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007). A considerable group of New Englanders returned to Old England to participate—religiously, politically, or militarily—in the Civil War and the Cromwellian aftermath.

5.
Kwasny, op. cit., p. xvi.

6.
Bonomi, op. cit., p. 178.

7.
Wallace Brown, op. cit., p. 80.

8.
See especially A. M. Everitt,
The Community of Kent and the Great Rebellion
(Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1986).

9.
This is not intended to be a learned endnote. But just as cultural, ethnic, and religious explanations of the divisions within Britain circa 1775 have become more important, that also seems to be true in explaining the divisions of the 1640s.

10.
Anne Osterhout, “Frontier Vengeance: Connecticut Yankees vs. Pennamites in the Wyoming Valley,”
Pennsylvania History
(Summer 1995), pp. 337–47.

11.
Henry S. Young,
The Treatment of Loyalists in Pennsylvania
(Ph.D thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 1955), pages unnumbered in copy.

12.
Phillips,
Cousins’ Wars,
p. 162.

13.
Bellisles, op. cit., pp. 107–10.

14.
These units included the American Legion, American Volunteers, British Legion, Butler’s Rangers, DeLancey’s Brigade, Emmerich’s Chasseurs, Johnson’s Royal Greens, King’s American Dragoons, King’s American Regiment, King’s Orange Rangers, Loyal American Regiment, New Jersey Volunteers (multiple battalions), New York Volunteers, Prince of Wales’ American Regiment, Provincial Light Dragoons, Queens Rangers, West Jersey Cavalry, and West Jersey Volunteers. Source: Katcher, op. cit., pp. 82–102.

15.
Jones, op. cit., pp. 32–34.

16.
Ibid., p. 48.

17.
Ibid., p. 61.

18.
Ibid., pp. 67–74.

19.
Ibid., pp. 77–78.

20.
Ibid., p. 76.

21.
Ibid., p. 78–79.

22.
Kars, op. cit., p. 208.

23.
Rankin, op. cit., pp. 28–31.

24.
Robert M. Dunkerly,
Redcoats on the River
(Wilmington, N.C.: Dram Tree Books, 2008), pp. 74–75.

25.
Rankin, op. cit., pp. 37–39.

26.
Henry Belcher,
The First American Civil War
(London: 1911, reprint edition Cranbury, N.J.: Scholar’s Bookshelf, 2005).

27.
For a fuller sampling and discussion of the many names used, see Appendix 1 in
The Cousins’ Wars,
pp. 613–14.

28.
For a fuller examination and discussion, see Figure 5.1 on page 163 and Figure 9.1 on p. 365 in
The Cousins’ Wars.

29.
Greater detail appears in Appendix 2, “The Cousins’ Wars as a Conspiracy Chain,” in
The Cousins’ Wars,
pp. 615–17.

Chapter 19: The Declaration of Independence—a Stitch in Time?

1.
Neuenschwander, op. cit., p. 131.

2.
David Armitage,
The Declaration of Independence
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007), p. 48.

3.
Ibid., p. 33.

4.
Julian Boyd, ed.,
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950), vol. 1, p. 323.

5.
No consensus exists, but many argue that only President of the Congress John Hancock and perhaps Secretary Charles Thomson signed on July 4; the New Yorkers were still without authorization and only signed in August, and some others did not sign until even later.

6.
Boyd, op. cit., p. 134.

7.
Ibid., pp. 199–202.

8.
Ibid., p. 419.

9.
Joseph Ellis,
American Sphinx
(New York: Vintage Books, 1998), pp. 59–60.

10.
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
(ed. 1869), vol. 7, p. 304, quoted in Carl Becker,
The Declaration of Independence
(New York: Vintage Books, 1958), p. 25.

11.
Armitage, op. cit., p. 21.

12.
Ellis,
Sphinx,
op. cit., p. 45.

13.
Stephen E. Lucas, “Justifying America” in Thomas W. Benson,
American Rhetoric: Context and Criticism
(Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois Press, 1989), p. 78.

14.
Pauline Maier,
American Scripture,
op. cit., p. xvii.

15.
Garry Wills,
Inventing America
(New York: Vintage Books, 1979), p. 323.

16.
Maier, op. cit., pp. 168–71.

17.
Malcolm Kelsall,
Jefferson and the Iconography of Romanticism
(London: Macmillan, 1999), pp.1–11.

18.
Phillip Papas,
That Ever Loyal Island: Staten Island and the American Revolution
(New York: New York University Press, 2007), pp. 63–64.

19.
Armitage, op. cit., p. 34.

20.
Becker, op. cit., p. 129.

21.
Maier, op. cit., pp. 37–38.

22.
Ellis,
American Creation,
op. cit., p. 49.

23.
Maier, op. cit., p. 66.

24.
Ibid., p. 64.

25.
Armitage, op. cit., p. 36.

26.
“What is being cried for is aid from France,” Wills, op. cit., p. 348; the apparent objective was “to enable the rebellious colonies to enter into diplomatic and commercial alliances with other powers,” Armitage,
Declaration of Independence,
op. cit., p. 84.

27.
Wills, op. cit., p. 326.

28.
Lucas, op. cit., p. 78.

29.
Armitage, op. cit., p. 34.

30.
Wills and Maier make this point, but so do historians focused on Virginia and Maryland. It is not only Woody Holton’s thesis in
Forced Founders,
but the basis of his title. For Maryland, Ronald Hoffman in
A Spirit of Dissension
makes a similar argument in his chapter entitled “A Reluctant Independence.”

31.
In his book
A People Numerous and Armed,
historian John Shy, taking this view, cited Weldon A. Brown,
Empire or Independence: A Study in the Failure of Reconciliation
(Baton Rouge: University of Louisiana Press, 1941), pp. 90–107. Shy also noted a letter dated May 31, 1776, from George Washington to John Augustine Washington in
The Writings of George Washington,
ed. John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, D.C., 1932), vol. 5, pp. 91–92.

32.
Shy, op. cit., p. 19.

33.
Lovejoy,
Rhode Island,
op. cit., p. 192.

34.
Boston and Huntington—Hazelton, pp. 267, 256; Savannah—Coleman, op. cit., p. 79.